Wykorzystanie pojęcia entropii w badaniach przemieszczeń punktów sieci geodezyjnej poziomej

The aim of objects monitoring, carried out by a geodetic method, is to get any information about the casual and effect relationships which occur around the examined object. Application of a suitable measuring technique requires setting an advantageous network structure, which has to meet both the condition of measuring economy and assure the suitable characteristics of the determined parameters accuracy. The advantageous network structure may be obtained on the basis of selecting observations which contain the largest information content. The measurement results of the chosen network elements and the application of suitable methods of results processing enables to apply a correct identification of points of a reference system, and as a consequence, it also enables to define a correct model of the displacement. The process of setting an advantageous linear network structure on the basis of entropy of an observational system was presented in the paper.Celem monitoringu obiektów prowadzonych metodą geodezyjną jest uzyskanie informacji o związkach przyczynowo-skutkowych zachodzących w obrębie badanego obiektu. Zastosowanie określonej techniki pomiarowej wymaga ustalenia korzystnej struktury sieci spełniającej warunek ekonomiki pomiaru przy jednoczesnym zapewnieniu odpowiedniej charakterystyki dokładności wyznaczanych parametrów. Korzystną strukturę sieci można uzyskać na podstawie doboru obserwacji o największej zawartości informacji. Wyniki pomiarów wybranych elementów sieci oraz zastosowanie odpowiednich metod ich przetwarzania pozwala na prawidłową identyfikację zbioru punktów odniesienia i sformułowanie poprawnego modelu przemieszczeń. W artykule został opisany proces ustalenia korzystnej struktury sieci liniowej na podstawie entropii układu obserwacyjnego

Indicating Vertical Deviation of Historical Buildings Using Geodetic Methods - Case Study of Brick and Wood Tower in Nowe Miasteczko

The article presents the possibilities of applying geodetic methods to determine the vertical deviation of historical buildings. In particular, the results of measurements obtained for a brick and wood Town Hall Tower located in the town of Nowe Miasteczko have been presented. Geodetic measurements of vertical deviation taken before and after carrying out repairs which were aimed at stopping or eliminating the destructive processes of degradation taking place, especially in the wooden part of the tower. During the renovation works, attention was also given to improving the technical condition of the building, which was reflected by the results of the measurements and calculations.W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastosowania metod geodezyjnych do wyznaczenia odchyleń od pionu obiektów zabytkowych. W szczególności zaprezentowano wyniki pomiarów uzyskanych dla murowano-drewnianej wieży ratusza położonego w miejscowości Nowe Miasteczko. Pomiary geodezyjne wychyleń od pionu zostały wykonane przed i po przeprowadzonych pracach remontowych, mających na celu powstrzymanie i wyeliminowanie destrukcyjnych procesów korozyjnych rozwijających się zwłaszcza w drewnianej części wieży. Podczas prac remontowych zwrócono również uwagę na poprawę stanu technicznego obiektu, co znalazło swoje odzwierciedlenie w uzyskanych wynikach pomiarów i obliczeń

Continuous model of the neural net of the hopfield type applied to estimation the stability of points of vertical geodetic control network

W artykule zawarto propozycję selekcji punktów sieci geodezyjnej pionowej pomiarowo-kontrolnej, które wykazują stabilność w czasie realizacji pomiarów. Procedura identyfikacji punktów o wzajemnej stabilności polega na określeniu poziomów energetycznych sieci neuronowej Hopfielda o minimalnej wartości. W minimum energetycznym sieć osiąga atraktor jako stan końcowy układu dynamicznego. Określenie przebiegów czasowych dojścia poszczególnych zmian różnic wysokości do odpowiedniego atraktora oraz badania zachowania się sąsiednich trajektorii zmian różnic wysokości na podstawie wyznaczonych wykładników Lapunowa umożliwiają identyfikację punktów o stwierdzonej stałości i stanowią zagadnienie poruszone w niniejszej pracy.The idea of selection of points of a geodetic vertical measuring- controlling net was presented in the paper. These points remained stable in the course of the measurements. The procedure of points identification within their mutual stability consists in defining the energizing levels of Hopefield's neural network having a minimum value. The network reaches an attractor as a final state of a dynamical system at the energizing minimum. Defining of time courses of approaching the individual height difference changes to an appropriate attractor and the research on behaviour of neighbouring trajectories of height difference changes on the basis of Lapunow's determined exponents enables the points identification within their identified stability

Monitoring vertical displacements of an engineering object with masonry walls

The paper presents a method for conducting measurements and processing the results that makes it possible to determine the vertical displacements of measurement and control network points stabilized outside and inside a building in which changes in the form of scratches and cracks on the external and internal walls were noticed. These changes were so disturbing that a number of technical opinions were issued on the technical condition of the building, the ground and water conditions as well as the location of other buildings in relation to that object. The measurement methodology is generally known, but the problem of correctly defining a reference system and estimating the values of vertical displacements still remains to be solved. Moreover, the paper presents the characteristics of the object subjected to research, its technical condition in 2006 and in 2015 as well as an analysis of the impact of a heating duct on the behaviour of the building

Antidiabetic drugs and heart failure risk in patients with type 2 diabetes in the U.K primary care setting

OBJECTIVE - To assess the effects of antidiabetic drugs on the risk of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS - We conducted a retrospective cohort study with a newly diagnosed diabetes cohort of 25,690 patients registered in the U.K. General Practice Research Database 1988-1999. We categorized person-time drug exposures to monotherapies in insulin, sulfonylureas (SUs) metformins, and other oral hypoglycemic agents (i.e., acarbose, guar gum) and combination therapy including insulin, combination therapy without insulin, and triple combination therapy with or without insulin. A drug-free time interval served as a reference category. Cox interval-wise (piece-wise) regression analyses were used. The main outcome was incident heart failure.RESULTS - Among 43,390 drug exposure intervals for 25,690 patients who had a mean follow-up period of 2.5 years, 1,409 patients developed heart failure. Heart failure occurred most frequently in SU monotherapy exposure. After adjusting for duration of diabetes the timing and order of treatments received, and known risk factors for heart failure, we found no differential effects among type-specific therapies. Patients with any drug use within the first year after diabetes diagnosis had a 4.75-fold higher risk (hazard ratio) for heart failure than those with drug-free status but had no increased risk during subsequent years.CONCLUSIONS - In conclusion, the use of any pharmacological therapy for type 2 diabetes appears to be associated with an increased risk of heart failure. This risk does not persist beyond the first year after diagnosis of diabetes and does not appear to differ among the types of drug therapy examined. This observation suggests that the severity of diabetes or the preclinical duration of diabetes and the need for drug therapy, and not the therapy itself, is an explanation for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes.Diabetes Care 28:20-26 2005

Western Immunoblotting with Five Treponema pallidum Recombinant Antigens for Serologic Diagnosis of Syphilis

Five immunodominant Treponema pallidum recombinant polypeptides (rTpN47, rTmpA, rTpN37, rTpN17, and rTpN15) were blotted onto strips, and 450 sera (200 from blood donors, 200 from syphilis patients, and 50 potentially cross-reactive) were tested to evaluate the diagnostic performance of recombinant Western blotting (recWB) in comparison with in-house whole-cell lysate antigen-based immunoblotting (wclWB) and T. pallidum hemagglutination (MHA-TP) for the laboratory diagnosis of syphilis. None of the serum specimens from blood donors or from potential cross-reactors gave a positive result when evaluated by recWB, wclWB, or MHA-TP. The evaluation of the immunoglobulin G immune response by recWB in sera from patients with different stages of syphilis showed that rTmpA was the most frequently identified antigen (95%), whereas only 41% of the specimens were reactive to rTpN37. The remaining recombinant polypeptides were recognized as follows: rTpN47, 92.5%; rTpN17, 89.5%; and rTpN15, 67.5%. The agreement between recWB and MHA-TP was 95.0% (100% with sera from patients with latent and late disease), and the concordance between wclWB and MHA-TP was 92.0%. The overall concordance between recWB and wclWB was 97.5% (100% with sera from patients with secondary and late syphilis and 94.6 and 98.6% with sera from patients with primary and latent syphilis, respectively). The overall sensitivity of recWB was 98.8% and the specificity was 97.1% with MHA-TP as the reference method. These values for sensitivity and specificity were slightly superior to those calculated for wclWB (sensitivity, 97.1%, and specificity, 96.1%). With wclWB as the standard test, the sensitivity and specificity of recWB were 98.9 and 99.3%, respectively. These findings suggest that the five recombinant polypeptides used in this study could be used as substitutes for the whole-cell lysate T. pallidum antigens and that this newly developed recWB test is a good, easy-to-use confirmatory method for the detection of syphilis antibodies in serum