Simulation of Green Roof Impact at Basin Scale by Using a Distributed Rainfall-Runoff Model

International audienceCurrently widespread in new urban projects, green roofs have shown a positive impact on urban runoff at the building scale, that is, decreased and slow peak discharge and decreases runoff volume. The aim was to study the possible impact of green roof at the catchment scale, more compatible with stormwater management issues. For this purpose, a distributed rainfall-runoff model (Multi-Hydro) devoted to urban environment and able to simulate the hydrological behaviour of green roof has been used to assess the green roof impact at such a scale. It has been applied on an urban catchment (Loup basin located in the Seine-Saint-Denis county, East of Paris, France) where most of the building roofs are flat and assumed to easily accept the implementation of green roof. Catchment responses to several rainfall events covering a wide range of meteorological situation have been simulated. The simulation results show that green roof can significantly reduce runoff volume and the magnitude of peak discharge (up to 80%) depending on the rainfall event and the initial saturation of the substrate

High resolution radar rainfall for urban pluvial flood management: Lessons learnt from 10 pilots in North-West Europe within the RainGain project

ABSTRACT Precipitation and catchment information needs to be available at high resolution to reliably predict hydrological response and potential flooding in urban catchments. While recent advances have been made in weather radar technology and availability of DTM for urban flood modelling, the question is whether these are sufficient to provide reliable predictions for urban pluvial flood control. The RainGain project (EU-Interreg IVB NWE) brings together radar technologists and hydrologists to explore a variety of rainfall sensors, rainfall data processing techniques and hydrodynamic models for the purpose of fine-scale representation of urban hydrodynamic response. High resolution rainfall and hydrodynamic modelling techniques are implemented at 10 different pilot locations under real-life conditions. In this paper, the pilot locations, configurations of rainfall sensors (including X-Band and C-Band radars, rain gauges and disdrometers) and modelling approaches adopted within the RainGain project are introduced. Initial results are presented of hydrodynamic modelling using high resolution precipitation inputs from dual-polarisation X-band radar, followed by a discussion of differences in hydrodynamic response behaviour between the pilots

Hydrological modelling and parameterization of cities, flood resilience

L'évolution constante des villes passe par l'urbanisation des zones encore disponibles induisant des effets sur les bilans hydriques des celles-ci. De plus, le changement climatique susceptible d'exacerber les extrêmes (dont les inondations) influence lui aussi ces bilans. La ville est donc un objet hydrologique spécifique qu'il faut replacer dans son contexte évolutif, ce qui élargit considérablement la gamme d'échelles spatio-temporelles à prendre en compte pour son analyse et sa simulation. L'Union Européenne considère que la gestion du risque d'inondation doit remplacer la défense classique contre celle-ci. Cette nouvelle approche est plus holistique : elle prend en compte toutes les composantes du risque et cherche a réduire la vulnérabilité des récepteurs (habitants, bâtiments et infrastructures). Elle débouche sur la question de la résilience des systèmes urbains où les technologies correspondantes doivent être intégrées en des systèmes résilients aux inondations. Il est donc indispensable de développer des outils permettant l'évaluation de la performance de ces derniers, et ce à différentes échelles. Ces préoccupations ont défini l'axe de développement de Multi-Hydro : faire interagir des modèles déjà éprouvés représentant une composante du cycle de l'eau, permettre d'effectuer ainsi des progrès substantiels dans la modélisation de l'eau en ville avec une facilité d'utilisation. Multi-Hydro est ainsi basé sur des équations physiques supportées par des modèles distribués couplés. Grâce à un outil SIG dédié, MH-AssimTool, les informations géographiques et physiques nécessaires à la modélisation sont facilement assimilés pour chaque zone et résolution. En effet, une attention particulière été portée sur les observables ayant le moins de dépendance en échelle. L'emploi d'outils d'analyse multi-échelles permet de représenter leur variabilité et de définir des paramétrisations robustes du fonctionnement hydrologique à différentes échelles. L'ensemble de ces développements a été utilisé pour aborder la question de la résilience face aux inondations à différentes échelles d'un système urbain, dans le cadre de différents projets européens (SMARTeST, RainGain, BlueGreenDream) ou nationaux (Ville Numérique), à l'aide d'une approche systémique sur des scénarios pour plusieurs cas d'étude :- un petit bassin versant de Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne) qui a servi a l'évaluation des impacts de chaque modification apportée au modèle au cours de son développement.- la partie Est de la commune de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) qui a subi un audit de l'état du réseau d'assainissement (cartographie précise des canalisations et campagnes de mesures) et dont les résultats préliminaires ont permis de poser la problématique de la modélisation des rivières.- un quartier d'Heywood (grande banlieue de Manchester, Royaume Uni), qui a subi plusieurs inondations durant la dernière décennie et demande une modélisation assez fine pour permettre l'évaluation de l'impact de quatre scénarios de protection.- le bassin versant de la Loup, dont l'exutoire est occupé par un bassin de stockage des eaux de pluie, a été modélisé pour quatre évènements d'intensités et de durées variables et a permis de débuter la validation du modèle.- la zone de Spaanse Polder (Rotterdam, Pays Bas), pose la problématique de la modélisation des zones très planes au système de drainage complexes (pompes, exutoires multiples). Cette zone permet de guider les développements futurs de Multi-Hydro. Dans le contexte de l'amélioration de la résilience des villes face aux inondations, Multi-Hydro se place comme étant un outil qui offre la possibilité de simuler des scénarios permettant l'évaluation des impacts à l'échelle globale de modifications à plus petites échelles. Grâce a sa facilité de mise en place que lui confère MH-AssimTool, ainsi que sa structure modulaire et sa liberté de licence, Multi-Hydro est en train de devenir un outil d'aide à la décisionThe constant evolution of cities can be seen as the urbanisation of the still available areas. This introduces complex effects with respect to the balance of water. In addition, the highly variable nature of the climate and weather can easily exacerbate the extremes (including floods) thus influencing the water balance. The European Union considers that the management of flood risk is an appropriate strategy to replace conventional defense strategies against floods. This new strategy is a more holistic approach: it takes into account all the components at risk and seeks to reduce the vulnerability of receptors (people, buildings and infrastructures).Thus, resilience measures not only consist of individual technical solutions but they need to be integrated to a ‘safety chain', which requires the development of resilience systems and tools. It is therefore essential to develop tools for assessing the performance of the latter, and at different scales. These concerns have help define the development of Multi-Hydro: interacting models already proven to represent different components of the water cycle to allow substantial progress in the modelling of urban water combined with ease use. Multi-Hydro is based on physical equations supported by distributed and coupled models. With a dedicated GIS MH-AssimTool, the geographical and physical information required for modelling are easily assimilated for each zone and at each resolution. Indeed, special attention was paid to the observables with the least scale dependence. Tools for multi-scale analysis are used to represent their variability at smaller scales than their own scales, thus allowing a more robust definition of hydrological parameterisations at different scales. All of these developments have been used to address the issues involved in flooding resilience at different urban system levels, within the framework of the European (Smartest, RainGain and BlueGreenDream) and national (Ville Numérique) projects, using a systemic approach on the scenarios of several case studies:- A small watershed Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne), used to assess the impacts of each change made in the model during its development.- The eastern part of the municipality of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne ), has undergone a state audit of the drainage network (precise mapping of pipes and measurement campaigns). The preliminary results helped raise the issue of modelling rivers.- A district at Heywood (suburbs of Manchester, UK), has suffered several floods over the last decade and requires more detailed modelling in order to allow for the assessment of impact of four protection scenarios.- The catchment area of the Loup, whose outlet is connected to a runoff water storage tank, was modelled over four events of varying durations and intensities and helped start the validation of the model.- The Spaanse Polder area (Rotterdam , Netherlands), poses the problem of modelling very flat terrain with a complex drainage system (pumps and multiple outlets). This area will help to guide the future development of Multi-Hydro. In the context of improving the resilience of cities to flooding, Multi-Hydro is therefore placed as a tool that provides the ability to simulate scenarios for impact assessment at the basin scale of changes to smaller scales. Due to its ease of implementation at various scales conferred by MH-AssimTool and its modular structure and its free access property, Multi-Hydro is becoming a support decision too

Modélisation et paramétrisation hydrologique de la ville, résilience aux inondations

The constant evolution of cities can be seen as the urbanisation of the still available areas. This introduces complex effects with respect to the balance of water. In addition, the highly variable nature of the climate and weather can easily exacerbate the extremes (including floods) thus influencing the water balance. The European Union considers that the management of flood risk is an appropriate strategy to replace conventional defense strategies against floods. This new strategy is a more holistic approach: it takes into account all the components at risk and seeks to reduce the vulnerability of receptors (people, buildings and infrastructures).Thus, resilience measures not only consist of individual technical solutions but they need to be integrated to a ‘safety chain', which requires the development of resilience systems and tools. It is therefore essential to develop tools for assessing the performance of the latter, and at different scales. These concerns have help define the development of Multi-Hydro: interacting models already proven to represent different components of the water cycle to allow substantial progress in the modelling of urban water combined with ease use. Multi-Hydro is based on physical equations supported by distributed and coupled models. With a dedicated GIS MH-AssimTool, the geographical and physical information required for modelling are easily assimilated for each zone and at each resolution. Indeed, special attention was paid to the observables with the least scale dependence. Tools for multi-scale analysis are used to represent their variability at smaller scales than their own scales, thus allowing a more robust definition of hydrological parameterisations at different scales. All of these developments have been used to address the issues involved in flooding resilience at different urban system levels, within the framework of the European (Smartest, RainGain and BlueGreenDream) and national (Ville Numérique) projects, using a systemic approach on the scenarios of several case studies:- A small watershed Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne), used to assess the impacts of each change made in the model during its development.- The eastern part of the municipality of Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne ), has undergone a state audit of the drainage network (precise mapping of pipes and measurement campaigns). The preliminary results helped raise the issue of modelling rivers.- A district at Heywood (suburbs of Manchester, UK), has suffered several floods over the last decade and requires more detailed modelling in order to allow for the assessment of impact of four protection scenarios.- The catchment area of the Loup, whose outlet is connected to a runoff water storage tank, was modelled over four events of varying durations and intensities and helped start the validation of the model.- The Spaanse Polder area (Rotterdam , Netherlands), poses the problem of modelling very flat terrain with a complex drainage system (pumps and multiple outlets). This area will help to guide the future development of Multi-Hydro. In the context of improving the resilience of cities to flooding, Multi-Hydro is therefore placed as a tool that provides the ability to simulate scenarios for impact assessment at the basin scale of changes to smaller scales. Due to its ease of implementation at various scales conferred by MH-AssimTool and its modular structure and its free access property, Multi-Hydro is becoming a support decision toolL'évolution constante des villes passe par l'urbanisation des zones encore disponibles induisant des effets sur les bilans hydriques des celles-ci. De plus, le changement climatique susceptible d'exacerber les extrêmes (dont les inondations) influence lui aussi ces bilans. La ville est donc un objet hydrologique spécifique qu'il faut replacer dans son contexte évolutif, ce qui élargit considérablement la gamme d'échelles spatio-temporelles à prendre en compte pour son analyse et sa simulation. L'Union Européenne considère que la gestion du risque d'inondation doit remplacer la défense classique contre celle-ci. Cette nouvelle approche est plus holistique : elle prend en compte toutes les composantes du risque et cherche a réduire la vulnérabilité des récepteurs (habitants, bâtiments et infrastructures). Elle débouche sur la question de la résilience des systèmes urbains où les technologies correspondantes doivent être intégrées en des systèmes résilients aux inondations. Il est donc indispensable de développer des outils permettant l'évaluation de la performance de ces derniers, et ce à différentes échelles. Ces préoccupations ont défini l'axe de développement de Multi-Hydro : faire interagir des modèles déjà éprouvés représentant une composante du cycle de l'eau, permettre d'effectuer ainsi des progrès substantiels dans la modélisation de l'eau en ville avec une facilité d'utilisation. Multi-Hydro est ainsi basé sur des équations physiques supportées par des modèles distribués couplés. Grâce à un outil SIG dédié, MH-AssimTool, les informations géographiques et physiques nécessaires à la modélisation sont facilement assimilés pour chaque zone et résolution. En effet, une attention particulière été portée sur les observables ayant le moins de dépendance en échelle. L'emploi d'outils d'analyse multi-échelles permet de représenter leur variabilité et de définir des paramétrisations robustes du fonctionnement hydrologique à différentes échelles. L'ensemble de ces développements a été utilisé pour aborder la question de la résilience face aux inondations à différentes échelles d'un système urbain, dans le cadre de différents projets européens (SMARTeST, RainGain, BlueGreenDream) ou nationaux (Ville Numérique), à l'aide d'une approche systémique sur des scénarios pour plusieurs cas d'étude :- un petit bassin versant de Villecresnes (Val-de-Marne) qui a servi a l'évaluation des impacts de chaque modification apportée au modèle au cours de son développement.- la partie Est de la commune de Saint-Maur-des-Fossés (Val-de-Marne) qui a subi un audit de l'état du réseau d'assainissement (cartographie précise des canalisations et campagnes de mesures) et dont les résultats préliminaires ont permis de poser la problématique de la modélisation des rivières.- un quartier d'Heywood (grande banlieue de Manchester, Royaume Uni), qui a subi plusieurs inondations durant la dernière décennie et demande une modélisation assez fine pour permettre l'évaluation de l'impact de quatre scénarios de protection.- le bassin versant de la Loup, dont l'exutoire est occupé par un bassin de stockage des eaux de pluie, a été modélisé pour quatre évènements d'intensités et de durées variables et a permis de débuter la validation du modèle.- la zone de Spaanse Polder (Rotterdam, Pays Bas), pose la problématique de la modélisation des zones très planes au système de drainage complexes (pompes, exutoires multiples). Cette zone permet de guider les développements futurs de Multi-Hydro. Dans le contexte de l'amélioration de la résilience des villes face aux inondations, Multi-Hydro se place comme étant un outil qui offre la possibilité de simuler des scénarios permettant l'évaluation des impacts à l'échelle globale de modifications à plus petites échelles. Grâce a sa facilité de mise en place que lui confère MH-AssimTool, ainsi que sa structure modulaire et sa liberté de licence, Multi-Hydro est en train de devenir un outil d'aide à la décisio

Open source 3D visualization and interaction dedicated to hydrological models

International audienc

Combined spatio-temporal multifractal analysis of radar rainfall and simulated surface runoff

International audienceIn this paper we suggest to use scaling laws and more specifically Universal Multifractals (UM) to analyse in a spatio-temporal framework both the radar rainfall and the simulated surface runoff. Such tools have been extensively used to analyse and simulate geophysical fields extremely variable over wide range of spatio-temporal scales such as rainfall, but have not often if ever been applied to surface runoff. Such novel combined analysis helps to improve the understanding of the rainfall-runoff relationship. Two catchment of the European Interreg IV RainGain project are used. They are both located in the Paris area: a 144 ha flat urban area in the Seine-Saint-Denis County, and a 250 ha urban area with a significant portion of forest located on a steep hillside of the Bièvre River. Three rainfall events that occurred in 2010 and 2011, for which the Météo-France radar mosaic with a resolution of 1 km in space and 5 min in time is available, are analysed. They generated significant surface runoff and some local flooding. A fully distributed urban hydrological model currently under development called Multi-Hydro is implemented to represent the catchments response. It consists in an interacting core between open source software packages, each of them representing a portion of the water cycle in urban environment. The fully distributed model is tested with pixels of size 5, 10 and 20 m. The observed multifractal properties of rainfall are used to stochastically downscale this input field at higher resolutions simply by continuing the underlying cascade process which is observed on the available range of scales. It appears that the outputs (maps of water depth and velocity) of the hydrological model exhibit a scaling behaviour both in space and time. The three UM parameters of the various processes at stake are then compared which enables to analyse how the extremes are either dampened or enhanced. This hints at innovative techniques to quantify the extremes at very high resolution (typically 1 m) without having to run the model at these resolutions which would require too much time especially for real time applications

Evaluation of flood management with Multi-Hydro: application at Heywood, UK.

International audienceDue to ongoing growth of population and increasing exposure to climatic changes, urban storm water and wastewater management has become a major concern nowadays. To help engineers and managers in making everyday decisions there is a variety of modelling and planning tools that also remain very fragmented and still require a deeper understanding of the multi-scale dynamics and complex interactions of urban water cycle processes (watershed hydrology, urban ground water infrastructure and additional flood resilient elements (FRe)). With this prospective, Multi-Hydro, a fully distributed model, is currently developed at Ecole des Ponts ParisTech.. It interactively couples several components that simulate the various hydrologic and hydraulic processes involved in a peri-urban watershed. Each component relies on existing and widely validated models available in public domain software packages. The processes modelled are rainfall, runoff, infiltration in heterogeneous soils, and drainage into sewer systems.In the context of the SMARTeST project, Multi-Hydro was applied on an areas located in the Rochdale district of Heywood, in the great Manchester area (UK). The Egerton Street and Wilton grove neighbourhood knew important flood event during the last decade. With the use of the NIMROD radar data, four scenarios are tested to evaluate the impact of the implementation of flood resilience strategies in the aim to reduce the vulnerability of these places. The results obtained with Multi-Hydro provide a good idea of the impact of these protection strategies by assessing two of them as almost equivalent on the hydrological aspect and efficient to reduce the water level in the street during the flood event. It also showed the need for high resolution modelling that requires high resolution inputs especially rainfall

Modelling of the peri-urbain catchments with the help of a modular physically-based model : Mutli-Hydro

International audienc

Multi-Hydro: towards a hydrological and hydraulic modelling of peri-urban catchment.

International audienc

Transfer of spatio-temporal multifractal properties of rainfall to simulated surface runoff

International audienc