Comparison of clozapine and haloperidol effects on positive and negative symptoms of chronic schizophrenia

زمینه و هدف: در باره داروهای جدید روانپزشکی بخصوص کلوزاپین در مطالعات مختلف نتایج متفاوتی گزارش شده است و بحث های زیادی در باره فوائد و عوارض این داروها در مقایسه با داروهای مشابه در جریان است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش مقایسه تأثیر کلوزاپین و هالوپریدول در درمان علائم مثبت و منفی اختلال اسکیزوفرنی مزمن می باشد. روش بررسی: این مطالعه از نوع کارآزمایی بالینی است که مجموعاً 60 نفر از بیماران مبتلا به اسکیزوفرنی مزمن بستری در بیمارستان روانپزشکی سینای جونقان مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند. افراد مورد مطالعه که 3/33 زن و 7/67 مرد بودند به دو گروه تقسیم شدند. 30 نفر از بیماران با mg 200 کلوزاپین روزانه و 30 نفر دیگر با mg 15 هالوپریدول روزانه تحت درمان قرار گرفتند. برای بررسی علائم مثبت و منفی اسکیزوفرنی از مقیاس علائم مثبت و منفی PANSS (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale) استفاده گردید. یافته ها: در بیمارانی که 6 هفته مطالعه را کامل کردند کلوزاپین اثر بیشتری در درمان علائم مثبت و منفی نسبت به هالوپریدول داشت. تفاوت میانگین قبل و بعد از درمان علائم مثبت هالوپریدول و کلوزاپین به ترتیب 62/1±30/2 و 96/1±03/5 و علائم منفی به ترتیب 74/1±57/1 و 11/2±47/3 بود (05/0

The Relationship between Chronic Constipation and Urinary Tract Infection in Children: A Case-Control Clinical Study

Background Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in children, if not diagnosed leads to serious complications such as hypertension, chronic renal failure and renal scar. Constipation is one of the main risk factors for recurrent UTI. The aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between chronic constipation and urinary tract infection in children. Materials and Methods In this case-control study 105 patients with functional chronic constipation as case group, compared with 104 children without chronic constipation as control. The control group was matched according to gender and age. The prevalence of UTI in children with and without constipation as well as their improvement was compared after treatment. Results The prevalence of UTI in case and control groups was 13.3% and 6.7%, respectively (P=0.17). The prevalence of UTI in case group decreased to 3.8% after treatment of constipation. Escherichia coli (E coli) was the most commonly isolated organism in both groups. Conclusion Results of present study showed that despite of no significant urinary tract infection incidence between children with constipation and those without constipation, the constipation should still be considered as a predisposing risk factor for the UTI occurrence

Associations between Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Male Athletes

Background and purpose: Association between vitamin D and anterior cruciate ligament injury (ACLI) in male athletes is poorly understood, and current data are not sufficient and consistent. The present study investigated the association between vitamin D and ACLI in some Iranian male athletes. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 100 male athletes with knee pain attending Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Iran 2016. They were evaluated into two groups: male athletes with ACL injury (AI group; n=50) and without ACL injury (WAI group; n=50). ACL injury was verified according to physical examination and MRI findings. Data, including the age, serum 25 (OH) D concentrations, body mass index (BMI), and previous history of exercise were recorded and analyzed in SPSS V20. Results: The mean age of participants and their serum 25 (OH) D levels were 28±6 years and 25.07±1.02 ng/dl, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in mean age, BMI, and previous history of exercise (P> 0.05). The mean serum 25 (OH) D levels were found to be significantly lower in AI group than those in WAI group (P< 0.001). Conclusion: The current study showed that lower serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D are associated with the risk of ACLI in male athletes

Effect of Taping and Quadriceps Strengthening and Hamstring Stretching on Patello-Femoral Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and purpose: Almost half of non-specific knee pain can be attributed to patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). There is paucity of information about the effects of different types of combination therapies including exercise and taping and optimizing training variables. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combination of taping and quadriceps strengthening and hamstring stretching exercises on PFPS. Materials and methods: In a randomized clinical trial, 60 male patients (20-50 years old) with PFPS were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Quadriceps strengthening exercise and taping, 2) Hamstring stretching exercise and taping, 3) Quadriceps strengthening and hamstring stretching exercise, and 4) Quadriceps strengthening, hamstring stretching exercise, and taping. Pain and functional outcomes were assessed before and immediately after treatment using VAS scale, KOOS scale, and 6 MWT test. Data were analyzed in SPSS V20. Results: Compared to beginning of the study, significant decrease in mean VAS scores (P<0.001) and significant increase in mean KOOS scores and 6 MWT test were found in all groups after treatment (P<0.001). However, the increase in 6MWT test score was not significant in group 4. Conclusion: Combination of quadriceps strength training and hamstring stretching improved PFPS in all four groups. Lack of significant differences between the groups studied suggests that combination of two treatments has a similar effect to the combination of three treatments.   (Clinical Trials Registry Number: IRCT20140708018409N2