I am (the life of a girl)

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Fresh Osteochondral Resurfacing of the Patellofemoral Joint

Large osteochondral lesions of the knee in young patients continue to be a challenge for orthopaedic surgeons and the focus of continual research. This is particularly true if the injury is a consequence of a dysplastic trochlea and involves both articular surfaces of the biomechanically complex patellofemoral joint. To obtain a healthy and congruent patellofemoral joint, the use of a bipolar fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation of the patella and trochlea is one of the few options to biologically treat these injuries. This would achieve a replacement of the entire articular surface of the patellofemoral joint with a high number of viable chondrocytes and respect the unique structural characteristics of the cartilage. The aim of this study was to obtain symptomatic and functional improvements while delaying the timing of prosthetic surgery. We present a reproducible although demanding surgical technique to perform a bipolar fresh osteochondral allograft transplantation of the patella and trochlea

Use of standards of the Inter-American Human Rights System in the matter of gender in Argentina

La importancia en el ámbito nacional argentino del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos, especialmente respecto a los tratados internacionales y estándares legales en materia de género se verifica, desde 1994, en el artículo 75 inciso 22 de la Constitución Nacional. Según este, determinados instrumentos de Derechos Humanos y los que en el futuro se incorporen gozan de jerarquía constitucional en las condiciones de su vigencia; es decir, tal como el instrumento efectivamente rige en el ámbito internacional y considerando la interpretación y aplicación jurisprudencial de los órganos de aplicación de Tratados. Asimismo, la Convención Interamericana para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia contra la mujer -Convención Belem do Para- ha sido ratificada por el Estado argentino y aun cuando no goza de jerarquía constitucional, tiene jerarquía supralegal. Al respecto, la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el caso “Gelman vs. Uruguay” sostuvo que el Estado debe ejercer un control de convencionalidad entre sus normas internas y los tratados internacionales de Derechos Humanos de los que es parte, tarea que corresponde a cualquier autoridad pública y no exclusivamente al Poder Judicial. Por consiguiente, la influencia del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos debe estar presente en todas las instituciones estatales. Sin embargo, poco se conoce sobre el impacto que esta constitucionalización tiene en la práctica. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer cómo, cuánto y para qué se utiliza el derecho regional en el reconocimiento y avances en los derechos de las mujeres en Argentina. Específicamente, busca conocer cómo ha sido el uso de los estándares en materia de género del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos por parte de los tres poderes del Estado (Poder Legislativo, Poder Ejecutivo y Poder Judicial), mediante un análisis fuertemente cuantitativo que pretende ser una primera herramienta base para investigaciones futuras más específicas.The importance of International Human Rights Law in the argentinian national scope, specially regarding the international treaties and legal standards in the matter of gender, is verified in the article 75 inc. 22 of the National Constitution since 1994. According to this, certain Human Rights instruments and those that will be incorporated in a future have constitutional hierarchy in the conditions of its validity; that is to say, as the instrument effectively rules in the international scope and taking into consideration the interpretation and jurisprudential application of international treaty bodies. Likewise, the Interamerican Convention of the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Woman -Convention of Belem do Para was ratified by the argentinian State and despite not having constitutional hierarchy it has supralegal hierarchy. In this regard, the Interamerican Court of Human Rights in the case “Gelman vs. Uruguay” held that the State must exercise a conventionally control between its internal legislation and the international Human Rights treaties to which it is a party, duty that belongs to any public authority, not exclusively to the Judiciary. Therefore, Inter-American Human Rights System influence must be present in all State institutions. However, little is known about the impact that this constitutionalizing has in practice. This paper aims to know how, how much and for what the regional law is used in the recognition and advancement of women’s rights in Argentina. Specifically, it seeks to know how the gender standards of the Inter-American Human Rights System have been used by the three powers of the State (Executive Power, Legislative Power and the Judicial Power), through a quantitative analysis that aims to be a first base tool for more specific future research.Fil: Ronconi, Liliana Mabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Ghertner, Melanie. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Guzmán, Soledad. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Levy, Nicole. Universidad de Buenos Aires; ArgentinaFil: Ramello, Micaela. Universidad de Buenos Aires; Argentin

Primary lipoma arborescens of the knee may involve the development of early osteoarthritis if prompt synovectomy is not performed

Primary lipoma arborescens (LA) is a rare, benign intra-articular hyperplastic tumor that has been associated with osteoarthritis (OA). The aim of this study was to determine whether prompt synovectomy could avoid progressive joint degeneration in cases of primary LA of the knee. A review of currently available literature about the disease was carried out. The clinical, histological and radiological records of a series of nine knees with primary LA diagnosed and treated between 2002 and 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Eight of the knees had histological confirmation of LA and none had evidence of condropathy on the initial magnetic resonance image or degenerative changes at the initial radiographic examination. At the final follow-up no evidence of OA was found in the three knees that underwent synovectomy when symptoms did not last more than 1 year. The five knees in which synovectomy was delayed developed progressive joint degeneration. In this series, primary LA of the knee involved the development of early osteoarthritis when prompt synovectomy was not performed. Timely synovectomy is strongly recommended, if not mandatory

The urban village, agrarian transformation, and rentier capitalism in Gurgaon, India

Gurgaon, India's “millennium city”, is today synonymous with India's embrace of global real estate capital and private sector‐led urban development. This paper asserts that Gurgaon's spectacular urbanisation has been fundamentally underpinned by an uneven process of land acquisition, exemption and agrarian transformation. Shifting away from dispossession‐centred analyses of contemporary urbanisation in India, this paper explores Gurgaon's “urban villages” to consider the uneven integration of agrarian classes into emerging urban real estate markets. Through an examination of differential experiences of land acquisition and agrarian social change among Gurgaon's landowning classes, the paper seeks to trace complex and nonlinear processes of agrarian transformation which make possible landscapes of global accumulation

On handling urban informality in southern Africa

In this article I reconsider the handling of urban informality by urban planning and management systems in southern Africa. I argue that authorities have a fetish about formality and that this is fuelled by an obsession with urban modernity. I stress that the desired city, largely inspired by Western notions of modernity, has not been and cannot be realized. Using illustrative cases of top–down interventions, I highlight and interrogate three strategies that authorities have deployed to handle informality in an effort to create or defend the modern city. I suggest that the fetish is built upon a desire for an urban modernity based on a concept of formal order that the authorities believe cannot coexist with the “disorder” and spatial “unruliness” of informality. I question the authorities' conviction that informality is an abomination that needs to be “converted”, dislocated or annihilated. I conclude that the very configuration of urban governance and socio-economic systems in the region, like the rest of sub-Saharan Africa, renders informality inevitable and its eradication impossible

Urbanizing refuge: interrogating spaces of displacement

Refugee spaces are emerging as quintessential geographies of the modern, yet their intimate and everyday spatialities remain under-explored. Rendered largely through geopolitical discourses, they are seen as biopolitical spaces where the sovereign can reduce the subject to bare life. In conceptualizing refugee spaces some scholars have argued that, although many camps grow and develop over time, they evolve their own unique form of urbanism that is still un-urban. This article challenges this idea of the camp as space of pure biopolitics and explores the politics of space in the refugee camp using urban debates. Using case studies from the Middle East and South Asia, it looks at how the refugee spaces developed and became informalized, and how people recovered their agency through ‘producing spaces’ both physically and politically. In doing so, it draws connections between refugee camps and other spaces of urban marginality, and suggests that refugee spaces can be seen as important sites for articulating new politics