Productive performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets containing different levels of palm kernel cake

ABSTRACT Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect on productiveperformance and carcass characteristics in lambs fed with different amounts of palmkernel cake. Material and methods. Thirty-two Santa Inês lambs, with an initial livebody weight of 24.8 ± 3.59 kg were used. Treatments consisted of four levels (0; 6.5;13.0 and 19.5%) of palm kernel cake added to the dry matter diet. Lambs were fed for80 days, and then slaughtered to be evaluated for the quantitative characteristics of thecarcass. Results. Intake of dry matter and non-structural carbohydrates decreased withincreasing levels of palm kernel cake. The intake of neutral detergent fiber showed a linearincrease. Crude protein and total digestive nutrient intake were not affected. Weight gain,and the feed:gain ratio of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestivenutrients were similar among the four treatments. There was an increase on the feed:gainratio of neutral detergent fiber and a decrease of nonstructural carbohydrates. The weightgain at slaughter and biometric measures were not affected by treatment. The carcasscompactness index showed a linear decrease. The indexes of leg muscularity, compactnessof the leg and rib eye area were similar among treatments. There was a linear decrease inthe cold carcass weight and commercial yield of the carcass. Conclusions. The diet madeof up to 19.5% palm kernel cake reduced DM intake, the carcass compactness index andcarcass commercial yield, but did not alter weight gain, or feed dry matter intake

Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial

Background: The EMPA KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. Methods: EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. Findings: Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5–2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62–0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16–1·59), representing a 50% (42–58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). Interpretation: In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. Funding: Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council

Productive performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets containing different levels of palm kernel cake

Objective. The objective of this study was to determine the effect on productive performance and carcass characteristics in lambs fed with different amounts of palm kernel cake. Material and methods. Thirty-two Santa Inês lambs, with an initial live body weight of 24.8 ± 3.59 kg were used. Treatments consisted of four levels (0; 6.5; 13.0 and 19.5%) of palm kernel cake added to the dry matter diet. Lambs were fed for 80 days, and then slaughtered to be evaluated for the quantitative characteristics of the carcass. Results. Intake of dry matter and non-structural carbohydrates decreased with increasing levels of palm kernel cake. The intake of neutral detergent fiber showed a linear increase. Crude protein and total digestive nutrient intake were not affected. Weight gain, and the feed:gain ratio of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and total digestive nutrients were similar among the four treatments. There was an increase on the feed:gain ratio of neutral detergent fiber and a decrease of nonstructural carbohydrates. The weight gain at slaughter and biometric measures were not affected by treatment. The carcass compactness index showed a linear decrease. The indexes of leg muscularity, compactness of the leg and rib eye area were similar among treatments. There was a linear decrease in the cold carcass weight and commercial yield of the carcass. Conclusions. The diet made of up to 19.5% palm kernel cake reduced DM intake, the carcass compactness index and carcass commercial yield, but did not alter weight gain, or feed dry matter intake.Objetivo. Determinar el nivel óptimo del torta de palma en la dieta a través del rendimiento y características del canal. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 32 corderos de raza Santa Inés, con peso medio de 24.8 ± 3.59 kg. Los tratamientos consistieron en cuatro niveles (0; 6.5; 13.0 y 19.5%) del torta de palma en la materia seca de la dieta. Después de 80 días, los animales fueron sacrificados para la evaluación de las características cuantitativas del canal. Resultados. La ingesta de materia seca y carbohidratos no estructúrales, siguieron comportamiento lineal decreciente. El consumo de la fibra en detergente neutro se incrementó de forma lineal. Los consumos de proteína cruda y nutrientes digestibles totales no fueron afectados. El aumento de peso, el índice de conversión de materia seca, proteína bruta y nutrientes digestibles totales fueron similares. Hubo efecto lineal creciente sobre la conversión alimenticia de la fibra en detergente neutro y lineal decreciente sobre la conversión de carbohidratos no estructurales. Las medidas biométricas no fueron influenciadas. El índice de compacidad de la canal siguió comportamiento linear decreciente, índices de musculatura de la pierna, de compacidad de la pierna y el área de los ojos- del-lombo fueron similares. Hubo efecto lineal decreciente para el peso del canal fria, rendimiento comercial de la canal. Conclusiones. La inclusión de la torta de palma hasta 19.5% reduce el consumo de la materia seca, índice de compacidad de la canal. La ganancia del peso y la conversión alimentar de la materia seca fueron semejantes

Níveis de farelo de melancia forrageira em dietas para ovinos Levels of forage watermelon meal in diets for sheep

Com o objetivo de estudar a inclusão de 20, 35, 50, 65 ou 80% de farelo de melancia forrageira (Citrullus lanatus cv. citroides) (FMF) em dietas à base de feno de guandu (Cajanus cajan), foi realizado um ensaio de digestibilidade utilizando-se 20 cordeiros com 6 meses de idade e peso vivo de 11,2 ± 1,2 kg. O experimento constou de 20 dias de adaptação e 5 de coleta total de sobras e de fezes. O farelo de melancia forrageira e o feno de guandu apresentaram 95,3 e 95,75% de matéria seca (MS), 18,7 e 16,8% de proteína bruta (PB) e 38,8 e 64,3% de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Os níveis de farelo de melancia forrageira determinaram aumento quadrático nos consumos de MS, MO, PB, FDN, FDA, hemicelulose e carboidratos totais. O consumo de extrato etéreo não foi alterado, mas o consumo de CNF teve aumento linear conforme aumentaram os níveis de farelo de melancia forrageira. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade de MS (58%), PB (69%), FDN (41%) e EE (85%) não foram influenciados pelo nível de farelo de melancia forrageira. As digestibilidades de MO (54 a 62%), FDA (36 a 49%) e carboidratos totais (47 a 58%) variaram linear e positivamente, enquanto a digestibilidade da hemicelulose teve comportamento inverso. As dietas proporcionaram consumo de matéria seca que atendeu a exigência dos animais. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade observados foram satisfatórios. O farelo de melancia forrageira pode ser indicado para compor dietas à base de feno de guandu em níveis de 35 a 66% da matéria seca.<br>In order to study the inclusion of forage watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. Citroides) meal (FWM) in pigeon pea hay based diets (Cajanus cajan) (PPH), a digestibility trial in sheep was carried out for testing five levels of FWM (20, 35, 50, 65 and 80%). Twenty lambs with an average age of six months and live weight of 11.2 kg (± 1.2) were used. The experimental period was twenty days for adaptation and five days for total refuses and feces collection. The chemical composition of diet ingredients was determined, being the levels of dry matter (DM) 95.3 and 95.75%, crude protein (CP) 18.7 and 16.8%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 38.8 and 64.3% for WFM and PPH, respectively. The water, DM, organic matter (OM), CP, ether extract (EE), NDF, acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulosis (HCEL), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total carbohydrates (TCOH) intakes, as well as the DM, MO, CP, EE, NDF, ADF, HCEL and TCOH digestibilities were accurately measured. The DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, HCEL and TCOH intakes showed a quadratic behavior according to the FMF levels. The ether extract intake remained unchanged, while the NFC intake was linearly positive. The DM (58%), MO (69%), NDF (41%) and EE (85%) digestibility coefficients were not significantly influenced by the forage watermelon meal levels. The OM (54 to 62%), ADF (36 to 49%) and TCOH (47 to 58%) digestibility ranged linear and positively, while the HCEL digestibility showed the opposite behavior. The experimental diets provided dry matter intake enough to meet the animal requirements. The digestibility coefficients observed were satisfactory. The forage watermelon meal can be used in the guandu hay based diets in the levels from 35 to 66% of dry matter