Sexual dimorphism in cervical vertebral canal measurements of human foetuses

Little is known about postembryonic development of the human vertebral canal. Cervical parts of vertebral canal in 30 normal human foetuses was exposed in coronal plane and were divided in groups 1 and 2 which correspond with 2nd and 3rd trimester of pregnancy respectively. Groups 1 and 2 included 18 and 12 foetuses respectively with equal number of males and females in each. Length of cervical part of spinal canal and transverse diameter with height at different vertebral levels were recorded. Sexual dimorphism was noticed in foetuses of third trimester only. Length of cervical canal and height of vertebral bodies were significantly more in males while transverse diameter was statistically high in females. Cervical part of vertebral canal in human fetuses displays sexual dimorphism. Males have narrower and longer spinal canal compared to females.Keywords: foetuses, cervical, vertebral canal, dimorphis

IDENTIFIKASI SISTEM PLANT SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN PADA ALAT PENETAS TELUR AYAM DENGAN METODE RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARE

The identification method can be done by observing a physical system that will provide input and output signals. The input and output signals generated by the system will be calculated with the identification method's algorithm to produce filter parameters that can represent the system. The algorithm used in this thesis is Recursive Least Square (RLS). The components contained in the temperature and humidity plant system, namely the Digital Temperature and Humidity sensor (DHT22), a 25 Watt incandescent lamp, and a 24 Volt mist maker. The structure of the model used in this thesis is the Auto Regressive Moving Average Exogenous (ARMAX). The order used in this thesis is second-order according to the residual analysis, indicating that the second-order graph is between the dotted line and close to the zero axis point. The parameter results obtained at the plant temperature are a1 = -1.331; a2 = - 0.3402; b1 = 0.1775; b2 = –0,1682; c1 = –0.5658; c2 = –0,2031. In plant humidity is a1 = -0.9459; a2 = -0.043202; b1 = 0.008937; b2 = 0.002168; c1 = 0.05638; c2 = 0.03856. Akaike's FPE validation results on the temperature and humidity plant model are 0.009251 and 0.1663, respectively. The accuracy test results with the setpoint signal at the plant temperature and humidity were FIT = 95.43%, respectively; FIT = 93.86%.Keywords: Temperature and Humidity Plant, System Identification, ARMAX, RL

IDENTIFIKASI SISTEM PLANT SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN PADA ALAT PENETAS TELUR AYAM DENGAN METODE RECURSIVE LEAST SQUARE

The identification method can be done by observing a physical system that will provide input and output signals. The input and output signals generated by the system will be calculated with the identification method's algorithm to produce filter parameters that can represent the system. The algorithm used in this thesis is Recursive Least Square (RLS). The components contained in the temperature and humidity plant system, namely the Digital Temperature and Humidity sensor (DHT22), a 25 Watt incandescent lamp, and a 24 Volt mist maker. The structure of the model used in this thesis is the Auto Regressive Moving Average Exogenous (ARMAX). The order used in this thesis is second-order according to the residual analysis, indicating that the second-order graph is between the dotted line and close to the zero axis point. The parameter results obtained at the plant temperature are a1 = -1.331; a2 = - 0.3402; b1 = 0.1775; b2 = –0,1682; c1 = –0.5658; c2 = –0,2031. In plant humidity is a1 = -0.9459; a2 = -0.043202; b1 = 0.008937; b2 = 0.002168; c1 = 0.05638; c2 = 0.03856. Akaike's FPE validation results on the temperature and humidity plant model are 0.009251 and 0.1663, respectively. The accuracy test results with the setpoint signal at the plant temperature and humidity were FIT = 95.43%, respectively; FIT = 93.86%.Keywords: Temperature and Humidity Plant, System Identification, ARMAX, RL