Psychometric analysis of the new ADHD DSM-V derived symptoms

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Following the agreements on the reformulating and revising of ADHD diagnostic criteria, recently, the proposed revision for ADHD added 4 new symptoms to the hyperactivity and Impulsivity aspect in DSM-V. This study investigates the psychometric properties of the proposed ADHD diagnostic criteria.</p> <p>Method</p> <p>ADHD diagnosis was made according to DSM-IV. The parents completed the screening test of ADHD checklist of Child Symptom Inventory-4 and the 4 items describing the new proposed symptoms in DSM-V.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The confirmatory factor analysis of the ADHD DSM-V derived items supports the loading of two factors including inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. There is a sufficient reliability for the items. However, confirmatory factor analysis showed that the three-factor model is better fitted than the two-factor one. Moreover, the results of the exploratory analysis raised some concerns about the factor loading of the four new items.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The current results support the two-factor model of the DSM-V ADHD diagnostic criteria including inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. However, the four new items can be considered as a third factor.</p

Sensory Processing Problems in Children with ADHD, a Systematic Review

One of the most common psychiatric disorders in children is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Its course and outcome are heterogeneous. Sensory processing problems impact the nature of response to daily events. ADHD and sensory problems may occur together and interact. No published review article about sensory processing problems in children with ADHD were found. A systematic search, conducted on Pub-Med (up to January 2010), and Google Scholar, yielded 255 abstracts on sensory processing problems in children including 11 studies about sensory problems in children with ADHD. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD is not a well studied area. Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD are more common than in typically developing children. Findings do not support that ADHD subtypes are distinct disorders with regard to sensory processing problems. However, co-morbidity with oppositional defiant disorder and anxiety are predictors of more severe sensory processing problems in children with ADHD

Are GPs adequately equipped with the knowledge for educating and counseling of families with ADHD children?

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is one of the most common child psychiatry disorders. General physicians (GP), as primary care providers, can have an important role in screening and treatment of ADHD. This study aimed to survey GPs' knowledge, attitude, and their views of their role in the screening, diagnosing and managing children with ADHD.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Six hundred and sixty five general physicians in Shiraz, Iran, answered a self-reported questionnaire on ADHD. The questionnaire consisted of questions regarding socio-demographic characteristics such as age, the duration of practice as a GP, marital status, general knowledge about ADHD, and the management of ADHD.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Less than half of them believed that they have adequate knowledge and information about this disorder. They usually do not like to be the primary care providers for children with ADHD. The majority of them prefer to refer the children to related specialists, mostly psychiatrists or psychologists. More than one third of them believed that sugar is a cause of ADHD. Only 6.6% of them reported that ADHD persists for the whole life. Their knowledge about methylphenidate is reasonable.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>As many other countries worldwide, the knowledge of GPs about ADHD should be improved. They do not asses and manage children with probable ADHD by themselves without referring to related professionals. They do not opt for the use of methylphenidate.</p

Targeting neurotensin as a potential novel approach for the treatment of autism

The pathophysiology of autism remains obscure. Recently, serum neurotensin levels in children with autistic disorder have been found to be higher than those of normal children. Neurotensin is known to intensify neuronal NMDA-mediated glutamate signaling, which may cause apoptosis in autism. Further, an imbalance of glutamate/GABAergic system in autism has been described. These observations lead to a postulate that neurotensin may accentuate the hyperglutaminergic state in autism, leading to apoptosis. Targeting neurotensin might be a possible novel approach for the treatment of autism

Prevalence of nail biting and its association with mental health in a community sample of children

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This study evaluates onychophagia or nail biting (NB) prevalence and association with mental health of a community sample of children from Shiraz, Iran.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>The parents of 743 primary school children, selected by random sampling, reported NB behavior of their children and themselves. Children's mental health problem was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). 22.3% (95% CI: 19.3 to 25.3) of children had NB behavior in the last three months (girls: 20.1% (95% CI: 15.9 to 24.2). The rate in boys was 24.4% (95% CI: 20.1 to 28.7). 36.8% of the children with NB had at least one family member with nail biting. Older age was associated with a higher prevalence of NB while a higher score on the prosocial score was associated with a lower prevalence of NB.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>NB is a very common behavior in both genders in children and their family members. Children with NB have less prosocial ability than those without it.</p

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for treatment of children with autism: a systematic review of randomized trials

There is a controversy about the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy for the treatment of autism. This study systematically reviews the current evidences for treating of autism with HBO therapy. According to PRISMA guidelines for a systematic review, the databases of MEDLINE/Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Randomised Controlled Trials in Hyperbaric Medicine were electronically searched. In addition, medical subject heading terms and text words for hyperbaric oxygen therapy and autism were used. The main inclusion criteria were published studies which reported the original data from the trials conducted on the patients with autism and assessed outcomes with a valid and reliable instrument. A quality assessment was also conducted. The electronically search resulted in 18 title of publications. Two studies were randomized, double-blind, controlled-clinical trials. While some uncontrolled and controlled studies suggested that HBO therapy is effective for the treatment of autism, these promising effects are not replicated. Therefore, sham-controlled studies with rigorous methodology are required to be conducted in order to provide scientific evidence-based HBO therapy for autism treatment

Synthesis and processing of nanostructured alumina ceramics

The term Nanoceramics is well known in the ceramic field for at least two decades. In this project a detailed study was performed on the synthesis of α-alumina nanopowders. High solids content nanoalumina suspensions were prepared and used to form green bodies using both wet and dry forming routes. The green bodies were then sintered using both conventional single and two-step sintering approaches. Synthesis: Two different synthesis methods, viz. precipitation and hydrothermal treatment, were used to synthesize fine α-alumina powders from aluminium chloride, ammonia solution and TEAH (Tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide). XRD, TEM and FEG-SEM were used to characterise the powders produced. The presence of commercial α-alumina powder as seed particles did not affect the transformation to α-alumina phase during the hydrothermal treatment at 220˚C in either basic or acidic environments. The results obtained from the precipitation route showed that the combined effect of adding α-alumina seeds and surfactants to the precursor solution could lower the transformation temperature of α-alumina from about 1200˚C for unseeded samples to 800˚C, as well as reducing the level of agglomeration in the alumina powders. The difference in transformation temperature mainly resulted from the nucleation process by the α-alumina seeds, which enhanced the θ → α transformation kinetics. The lower level of agglomeration present in the final powders could be due to the surface modifying role of the surfactants preventing the particles from growing together during the synthesis process. By introducing a further high-temperature step for a very short duration (1 minute) to the low-temperature heat treatment route (800˚C/12 h), the unseeded sample with added surfactant transformed into pure α-alumina phase. The newly-added step was shown to be an in-situ seeding step, followed by a conventional nucleation and growth process. The best final powder was compared with a commercial α-alumina nanopowder. Processing of alumina ceramics: The effect of low-molecular weight ammonium dispersants including Dispex-A40, Darvan-C and Dolapix-CE64, on high solids content nanoalumina suspensions was investigated. The nanosuspension prepared using the most suitable dispersant, Dolapix-CE64, was slip cast into ~53% dense, very homogeneous green bodies. This nanosuspension was also spray freeze dried into crushable granules using Freon as a foaming agent. Green compacts with density of ~53.5% were then formed by dry pressing the 2 vol% Freon-added spray freeze dried granules at 40 MPa. Both slip cast and die pressed green bodies were sintered using conventional single-step and two-step routes followed by characterising the density and grain size measurement of final dense compacts. The results have been compared with that of a submicron alumina ceramic prepared using a commercial α-alumina suspension. Highly dense alumina with an average grain size of ~0.6 μm was fabricated by means of spark plasma sintering at 1200˚C. The application of 500 MPa allowed achieving almost fully dense alumina at temperature as low as 1200˚C for 30 minutes with no significant grain growth