Non-agricultural Market Access: A South Asian Perspective

A key element of the Doha Round of trade negotiations is liberalisation of trade in industrial products, commonly known as non-agricultural market access (NAMA). These negotiations are important for developing countries as these will determine the market access opportunities through which they can improve their growth prospects. This paper examines the key issues of NAMA from the South Asian perspective, outlines a negotiating strategy for increased market access, and spells out some policy implications.

Fibrational induction meets effects

This paper provides several induction rules that can be used to prove properties of effectful data types. Our results are semantic in nature and build upon Hermida and Jacobs’ fibrational formulation of induction for polynomial data types and its extension to all inductive data types by Ghani, Johann, and Fumex. An effectful data type μ(TF) is built from a functor F that describes data, and a monad T that computes effects. Our main contribution is to derive induction rules that are generic over all functors F and monads T such that μ(TF) exists. Along the way, we also derive a principle of definition by structural recursion for effectful data types that is similarly generic. Our induction rule is also generic over the kinds of properties to be proved: like the work on which we build, we work in a general fibrational setting and so can accommodate very general notions of properties, rather than just those of particular syntactic forms. We give examples exploiting the generality of our results, and show how our results specialize to those in the literature, particularly those of Filinski and Støvring

Insights from unifying modern approximations to infections on networks

Networks are increasingly central to modern science owing to their ability to conceptualize multiple interacting components of a complex system. As a specific example of this, understanding the implications of contact network structure for the transmission of infectious diseases remains a key issue in epidemiology. Three broad approaches to this problem exist: explicit simulation; derivation of exact results for special networks; and dynamical approximations. This paper focuses on the last of these approaches, and makes two main contributions. Firstly, formal mathematical links are demonstrated between several prima facie unrelated dynamical approximations. And secondly, these links are used to derive two novel dynamical models for network epidemiology, which are compared against explicit stochastic simulation. The success of these new models provides improved understanding about the interaction of network structure and transmission dynamics

Non-agricultural Market Access: A South Asian Perspective

Despite the fact that the WTO has helped to reduce the overall level of tariffs with increased transparency, a majority of the developing countries with the capacity to increase exports of labour intensive manufactures continue to face significant barriers in accessing foreign markets. Tariff rates applied by the developed countries for textile and clothing and leather for instance are much higher than those on other manufacturing products such as electronics, computers and telecom equipment, thus indicating a clear discrimination against exports of the developing countries. Moreover, tariff peaks, tariff escalation, tariff rate quotas and other non-tariff measures including antidumping duties, countervailing duties, and safeguard measures to protect against serious injury from import surges, allowed under the WTO, have become major impediments to market access for developing countries exports

Model Pembelajaran Generatif (Generative Learning) Dilengkapi Media Kartu Masalah Pada Pembelajaran Fisika Di SMA (Studi Pada Materi Elastisitas Di SMA N 1 Pakusari)

This research concentrated of using generative learning model accompanied by problem card media. The purpose of this research were to study the effect ofusing generative learning models accompanied by problem card media tostudent's learning activities and kognitif student's achievement. The type of thisresearch is experiment by post-test control group design. Population of theresearch is all student't at Pakusari 1 Senior High School. Technique tocollection data were documentation, observation, interview, and tests. Theanalysis result description of student learning activities for experiment classequals to 80.99 % were include very good criteria. The analysis data of kognitifstudent's achievement by using independent sample t-test for significant value(1-tailed) is 0,015(≤0,05), it's mean the kognitif students' achievement forexperiment class is better than control class (Ha accepted and Ho refused).Conclusion of this research are : (1) student's learning activities usinggenerative learning model accompanied by problem card media were include very good criteria with percentage level of activity is 80.99%. (2) generativelearning model accompanied by problem card media has significant effect ofkognitif students' achievement

Pengaruh Paparan Medan Magnet Elf (Extremely Low Frequency) 300 μT Dan 500 μT Terhadap Perubahan Jumlah Mikroba Dan Ph Pada Proses Fermentasi Tape Ketan

Naturally, humans and other living things adapt to the radiation of electromagnetic waves coming from the sun and the use of electronic devices. The rapid development of technology and the use of electronic equipment cause the living things are exposed to the radiation of electromagnetic waves ELF (Extremely Low Frequency) whether it is consciously or not. Therefore, studies assessing the effects of exposure to ELF magnetic fields appear, one of them as the technology of food preservation and processing of fermentation products. Fermentation product which is often favored by the people is tape (fermented cassava). Generally, the durability of tape has a close relationship with the number of microbe especially acid-forming bacteria and pH value. The purpose of this study was to know the effect of 500μt and 300μt ELF magnetic fields to the change of microbes number and the pH on the fermentation process of sticky tape. The type of the study was experimental laboratories. The research design was a final observation type (subjects randomized post test only control group design). To calculate the number of microbes, it used dilution method and viewed with opti lab, while to test the degree of acidity (pH), it used receipts universal indicator. The results showed that 500μt and 300μt ELF magnetic fields exposure affect on the change in the number of microbes and the pH on the fermentation process of sticky tape. The highest decrease in the number of microbes was 0.50 x 1013 cells/mL with the 500 μT intensity of exposure at the time of exposure 72 hours after fermentation. The highest increase in pH was 1.00 with the 500 μT intensity of exposure at the time of exposure 24 hours after fermentation

A robust maximum power point tracking control for PV panel using adaptive PI controller based on fuzzy logic

Most methods of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) focus only on tracking performance while robustness against disturbances hasrarely been addressed. This paper proposes a new MPPT control method that provides robustness against direct current (DC) link voltage disturbance as well as good tracking performance. The method uses indirect MPPT control topology which incorporates two controllers. For the external controller, we use an adaptive proportional-integral (PI) control which is real-time tuned by fuzzy logic (FL). New membership functions and rule base are proposed using only one fuzzy input variable and 10 fuzzy rules. The internal controller is a PI controller. The PV panelis connected to a boost DC-DC converter. The proposed MPPT control iscompared with the fuzzy logic controller (FLC). Performance is evaluated under DC link voltage disturbance, steady-state condition, and rapid solar radiation changes. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method provides 41.2 % better robustness against DC link voltage disturbance as compared to the direct FLC. Experimental results under natural climate conditions with real solar radiation  validate that the proposed method works well in regulating the MPP at steady-state solar irradiance as well as in tracking the MPP towards rapid solar irradiance changes. It yields the PV power tracking speed of 95.75 W/s