Challenges Associated with CO2 Sequestration and Hydrocarbon Recovery

In the near- and midterm future, carbon capture and storage (CCS), also called CO2 geo-sequestration, is likely to play a significant role in the reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gas. By expanding the set of possible sequestration targets, it is expected that CCS will enable larger quantities of CO2 to be sequestered, mitigating human activity-driven climate change. In general, oil and gas reservoirs are ideal geologic storage sites for CO2 because they have successfully held hydrocarbon molecules for millions of years. In addition to the significant and reliable storage capacity of hydrocarbon reservoirs, there is a considerable body of knowledge related to the behavior of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs, and significant amounts of data are often acquired during their exploitation, factors which improve the economics and safety of any CCS project. By making use of existing and future oil and gas projects, CCS can become a major contributor in the fight against global warming, as well as a sizeable contributor to energy production worldwide. The CCS sequestration targets discussed in this study are sandstones, coal beds, shales, and carbonates. The potential and challenges associated with each of them are discussed in detail, and suggested topics for future research work are provided

Pregnancy in the Sickle Cell Disease and Fetomaternal Outcomes in Different Sickle cell Genotypes: A Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a major concern among women with the sickle cell disease (SCD), and it is associated with increased adverse outcomes. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to report the fetomaternal outcomes in different sickle cell genotypes.METHODS: In this systematic review and meta-analysis, a comprehensive search of databases and search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Google Scholar were performed. Any observational studies that had compared at least one outcome such as maternal outcomes, fetal outcomes, and morbidity between two groups of pregnant women with different types of sickle cell genotypes and pregnant women without SCD were evaluated.RESULTS: A total number of 9,827 pregnant women with SCD were examined. The results showed that pregnancy in SCD increased the risk of adverse outcomes for the mothers (including postpartum hemorrhage, prematurity, pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia, cesarean section, lower segment cesareansection, maternal death), fetus (including live births, low birth weight, intrauterine growth restriction, APGAR score at 5 min <7, stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal mortality, acute fetal distress, intrauterine fetal death) and morbidity among the SCD(severe anemia, urinary tract infection, blood transfusion, painful crisis, acute chest syndrome, vaso-occlusive crises).CONCLUSION: According to the results of this meta-analysis, pregnancy in the SCD is associated with an increased risk of maternal outcomes, fetal outcomes, and morbidity among SCD patients with different genotypes. Pregnancy in sickle cell hemoglobinopathies needs careful multidisciplinary management and cautious caring so as to decrease maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality

Peroxide-based route for the synthesis of zinc titanate powder

In this work the thermodynamical solubility diagrams of zinc and titanium hydroxides were reviewed in order to determine the conditions for maximum degree of phase composition homogenization of precipitates. Experimental investigation of dependency of titanium peroxohydroxide solubility on solution acidity has been carried out and coprecipitation of zinc ions has been studied. It was concluded that precipitation by constant addition of mixed salts and base solutions into the mother liquor with constant acidity of pH 8.5 allows maximizing homogenization of precipitate composition. Thermal treatment process of mixed zinc and titanium hydroxides coprecipitated with hydrogen peroxide was studied using thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction methods. It was found that precipitates of co-precipitated mixtures of zinc and titanium hydroxides contained impurities of salts precursors of the Zn (NO3)2 and TiOCl2 at a level of 1%. The experimental data demonstrate the influence of hydrogen peroxide on crystal growth rate of the zinc titanate during thermal treatment. The temperature ranges and kinetic parameters of hydroxide mixture dehydration, decomposition of the titanium peroxohydroxide and precursor impurities were determined

Modeling the fluid flow of carbon dioxide through permeable media

textThis dissertation presents analytical solutions to address several unresolved issues on the modeling of CO₂ flow in permeable media. Analytical solutions are important as numerical simulations do not yield explicit expressions in terms of the model parameters. In addition, simulations that provide the most comprehensive solutions to multiphase flow problems are computationally intensive. Accordingly, we address the following topics in this dissertation. The method of characteristics (MOC) solution of the overall mass conservation equation of CO₂ in two-phase flow through permeable media is derived in the presence of compressibility. The formally developed MOC solutions rely on the incompressible fluid and rock assumptions that are rarely met in practice; hence, the incompressible assumption is relaxed and the first semi-analytic MOC solution for compressible flow is derived. The analytical solution is verified by simulation results. Fractional flow theory is applied to evaluate the CO2 storage capacity of one-dimensional (1D) saline aquifers. Lack of an accurate estimation of the CO₂ storage capacity stands in the way of the fully implementation of CO₂ storage in aquifers. The notion of optimal solvent-water-slug size is incorporated into the graphical solution of combined geochemical front propagation and fractional flow theory to determine the CO₂ storage capacity of aquifers. The analytical solution is verified by simulation results. The limits of the Walsh and Lake (WL) method to predict the performance of CO₂ injection is examined when miscibility is not achieved. The idea of an analogous first-contact miscible flood is implemented into the WL method to study miscibly-degraded simultaneous water and gas (SWAG) displacements. The simulation verifies the WL solutions. For the two-dimensional (2D) displacements, the predicted optimal SWAG ratio is accurate when the permeable medium is fairly homogeneous with a small cross-flow or heterogeneous with a large lateral correlation length (the same size or greater than the interwell spacing). We conclude that the WL solution is accurate when the mixing zone grows linearly with time. We examine decoupling of large and small-scale heterogeneity in multilayered reservoirs. In addition, using an analytical solution derived in this research, the fraction of layers in which the channeling occurs is determined as a function of the Koval factor and input dispersivity. We successfully present a simulation configuration to verify the off-diagonal elements of the numerical dispersion tensor. Numerical dispersion is inevitably introduced into the finite difference approximations of the 2D convection-dispersion equation. We show that the off-diagonal elements of the numerical dispersion tensor double when the flow velocity changes with distance. In addition, the simulation results reveal that the flow becomes more dispersive with distance travelled if there is convective cross-flow. In addition, local mixing increases with the convective cross-flow between layers. A numerical indicator is presented to describe the nature of CO₂ miscible displacements in heterogeneous permeable media. Hence, the quantitative distinction between flow patterns becomes possible despite the traditionally qualitative approach. The correlation coefficient function is adopted to assign numerical values to flow patterns. The simulation results confirm the accuracy of the descriptive flow pattern values. The order-of-one scaling analysis procedure is implemented to provide a unique set of dimensionless scaling groups of 2D SWAG displacements. The order-of-one scaling analysis is a strong mathematical approach to determine approximations that are allowed for a particular transport phenomenon. For the first time, we implement the scaling analysis of miscible displacements while considering effects of water salinity, dissolution of CO₂ in the aqueous phase, and complex configurations of injection and production wells.Petroleum and Geosystems Engineerin

A Characterization for non-DCC Lattices

Join-irreducible elements in a lattice have an important role. They act like blocks of a lattice. In DCC lattices each element of the lattice has a unique finite representation as a join of join-irreducible elements. In this paper, we seek lattices which contains elements that can be represented as an infinite supremum of join-irreducible elements. One of these lattices is the lattice of sequences. Finally, we give a new characterization for such lattices

Occupational Stress and Mental Health Relationship in Nurses

AbstractBackground and aim:  Nursing is an stressful profession and nurses are often confronted with various stressors in their work environment. Job stress may have harmful effects on an individual’s physical and mental health and decrease quality of nursing care. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between job stress and mental health of nurses.Material and Methods:  A cross-sectional design was used for the study. The sample of the study consisted of 237 nurses who were selected randomly from teaching hospitals in Hamadan, Iran. Data were collected by the nurses stress scale ( NSS) and GHQ-28. The validity of instruments was assured by a panel of experts. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was computed to assess the reliability of instruments. The reliability coefficient was 0.93 for the nursing stress scale and 0.82 for the General Health Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the SPSS-13. The relationship between job stress and mental health was investigated by calculating Spearman’s correlation coefficients and χ2.Results The majority of nurses reported high levels of job stress. There was a significant relation between sex and number of night shifts with job stress. Psychological problems were seen in 42.9% of hospital nurses. There was a significant correlation between job stress and general health scores. Conclusion:  This study showed more than one third of the participants experienced high levels of job stress and mental disorders.There was significant relationship between job stress and mental health. It is recommended to reduce stress and mental health problems by stress management trainingKeywords: Stress, Mental health, Occupational stress. Job stress Nurses REFERENCES Abbaszadeh F. (2003); [ Health Global report2001,mental health: new precieve: new desire. Tehran. Avesina Catural Institution 30-33 (persian). Abdi H. 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Preconception care counselling among women with sickle cell anaemia in the south of Iran: a qualitative study based on social marketing model

Pregnancy in women afflicted with sickle cell anaemia has certain adverse effects. The present research aimed to promote the quality of preconception care counselling programs. To do this, Hormozgan Province recruited 25 diseased women and five key informants. To acquire the necessary information, in-depth semi-structured interviews were undertaken. Graneheim's directions for guided content analysis were followed while analysing the data. The results were reported in four categories based on the social marketing constructs. Provision of sickle cell services and preconception care counselling were suggested. The participants preferred to be interviewed in comprehensive healthcare centres in their neighbourhood. The high cost of the lab and medical services was raised as an issue. Face-to-face communication together with other care services was suggested. Providing consultation services in nearby places as in the neighbourhood, including local comprehensive care centres, face-to-face interventions, and mass media, can effectively promote preconception care counselling participation.IMPACT STATEMENT What is already known on this subject? The high rate of maternal mortality in women afflicted with sickle cell disease in the south of Iran has attracted growing attention to preconception care counselling in these women. It seems that the social marketing model, due to its audience-based nature, is effective in the acceptance of participatory behaviour in preconception care counselling. To the best of the present researchers’ knowledge, there is no similar research in this respect in Iran. What do the results of this study add? Participants’ discourse analysis has led to the recognition of the social marketing constituent elements in participation in Preconception care counselling. In their accounts, the participants drew attention to ‘Provision of sickle cell services’ and ‘Provision of Preconception care counseling for sickle cell disease’ in their accounts. The participants also mentioned personal, organisational, and sociocultural barriers to the rate of participation. The optimal place was determined for the consultation, and the means of communication were also decided on for implementing the program. What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Policy-makers and programmers can use the present findings to guide the design and implementation of interventional programs to promote participation in Preconception care counselling for women who have sickle cell disease

Explaining the determinants of hookah consumption among women in southern Iran:a qualitative study

Background: The prevalence of hookah consumption has been on the increase in Iran over the past two decades. This rate is higher among women than men in the south of Iran than other geographical areas. The purpose of this study was to explain the determinants of hookah consumption among indigenous women of Bandar Abbas city, southern Iran. Methods: This is the first qualitative study with the conventional content analysis approach that has examined the factors affecting the consumption of hookah at all ecological levels in 2018–2019. Participants, with a maximum variation in terms of age, education, occupation, hookah consumption and geographical areas of the city, were selected purposefully to take part in a semi-structured interview. The data were recorded, typed and analyzed according to the framework of the ecological model of health promotion at five levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, social and political). The interview continued until data saturation. MAXQDA software version 10 was used for data management. Results: Interviews were conducted with 56 participants (21 female hookah smokers, 15 female ex- smokers, and 20 experienced experts). A total of eight main categories were extracted from the data including; positive attitude towards hookah consumption, psychosocial needs, sensory charms of hookah, individual factors, family factors, cultural-environmental backgrounds, social-political backgrounds, and economic challenges. Conclusions: The results indicated the extensive influence of internal and external factors on the consumption of hookah. In order to successfully reduce the consumption of hookah, it is essential to consider intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, social and political factors