Alokasi Anggaran Daerah Dalam Pembangunan Manusia Kabupaten/Kota Di Provinsi Sumatera Utara 2001-2009

Peningkatan kemampuan sumberdaya manusia untuk mencapai taraf hidup sejahteraperlu mendapat tempat dalam perencanaan pembangunan. Dukungan dibutuhkan dari pihakpemerintah melalui belanja pembangunan APBD. Sehingga, penelitian ini bertujuan untukmelihat pengaruh anggaran daerah terhadap tingkat pembangunan manusia yang ada diProvinsi Sumatera Utara.Data anggaran yang digunakan adalah belanja pembangunan sektor pendidikan,kesehatan, dan ekonomi APBD. Besar anggaran dianalisis terhadap pencapaian nilaimasing-masing indeks pembangunan manusia dua tahun setelahnya.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa besarnya anggaran tidakberpengaruh langsung terhadap pertumbuhan masing-masing nilai indeks dimensi dari IPMdi Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Anggaran yang besar tidak menjamin peningkatan nilai indeksyang ada. Hal sebaliknya jika anggaran rendah juga tidak menjamin pencapaian indeksnyakecil. Beberapa daerah di Sumatera Utara memiliki peningkatan nilai IPM meskipunanggaran menurun. Di satu sisi, anggaran yang kecil juga dapat menghasilkan pertumbuhandan pencapaian nilai dimensi IPM yang tinggi

Contouring Performance Study of a Fuzzy-based Practical Controller on an X-Y Table

This article presents a contouring performance of an improved practical fuzzy-based nominal characteristic trajectory following (NCTF) controller. The proposed fuzzy-based NCTF controller structure for continuous motion control is slightly different from the normal NCTF controller. It is composed of a nominal characteristic trajectory (NCT) and a fuzzy compensator designed using the practical design approach. Therefore, simple and easy of controller design are maintained. The NCT constructed through establishing procedure and the Mamdani type fuzzy compensator is designed according to the available information provided by NCT and the hardware specification. The contouring performance was evaluated by measuring the response of the system providing circle shape through simulation. The simulation result shows that the controller is promising as a practical controller for continuous motion

Blood pressure and hypertension in people living at high altitude in Nepal

This study aimed to describe blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HT) in samples of high altitude populations of Nepal and to explore associations of systolic BP, diastolic BP and HT with altitude. This was a cross-sectional survey among 521 people living at four different altitude levels, all above 2800 m, in the Mustang and Humla districts of Nepal. Data on BP was available for all 521 participants. Systolic and diastolic BP levels were highest at the altitude of 3620 m (the highest area surveyed) but did not consistently increase with altitude. Using the cut-point of ≥140/90 mmHg (systolic/diastolic), the prevalence of HT (or on anti-hypertensive medication) was 46.1%, 40.9%, and 54.5% respectively at 2800 m, 3270 m and 3620 m of Mustang district, and 29.1% at 2890 m of Humla district. In a multivariate model adjusting for potential confounders there was moderate evidence of a relationship between systolic BP and altitude; mean systolic BP increased by 14.1 mmHg (95% CI 2.6 to 25.5), P=0.02 for every 1000 m elevation. Although diastolic BP and the probability for HT (or on anti-hypertensive medication) also tended to increase with increasing altitude levels, there was no evidence of a relationship. In the present study three out of four communities living at higher altitude levels showed a greater prevalence of HT among those aged 30 years or older compared with the overall national data. These findings indicate a probable high risk of raised BP in high altitude populations in Nepal

Identifying Signatures of Natural Selection in Tibetan and Andean Populations Using Dense Genome Scan Data

High-altitude hypoxia (reduced inspired oxygen tension due to decreased barometric pressure) exerts severe physiological stress on the human body. Two high-altitude regions where humans have lived for millennia are the Andean Altiplano and the Tibetan Plateau. Populations living in these regions exhibit unique circulatory, respiratory, and hematological adaptations to life at high altitude. Although these responses have been well characterized physiologically, their underlying genetic basis remains unknown. We performed a genome scan to identify genes showing evidence of adaptation to hypoxia. We looked across each chromosome to identify genomic regions with previously unknown function with respect to altitude phenotypes. In addition, groups of genes functioning in oxygen metabolism and sensing were examined to test the hypothesis that particular pathways have been involved in genetic adaptation to altitude. Applying four population genetic statistics commonly used for detecting signatures of natural selection, we identified selection-nominated candidate genes and gene regions in these two populations (Andeans and Tibetans) separately. The Tibetan and Andean patterns of genetic adaptation are largely distinct from one another, with both populations showing evidence of positive natural selection in different genes or gene regions. Interestingly, one gene previously known to be important in cellular oxygen sensing, EGLN1 (also known as PHD2), shows evidence of positive selection in both Tibetans and Andeans. However, the pattern of variation for this gene differs between the two populations. Our results indicate that several key HIF-regulatory and targeted genes are responsible for adaptation to high altitude in Andeans and Tibetans, and several different chromosomal regions are implicated in the putative response to selection. These data suggest a genetic role in high-altitude adaption and provide a basis for future genotype/phenotype association studies necessary to confirm the role of selection-nominated candidate genes and gene regions in adaptation to altitude

Overmolding of Hybrid Long and Short Carbon Fiber Polypropylene Composite: Optimizing Processing Parameters

Injection overmolding was used to produce hybrid unidirectional continuous-short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polypropylene pellets containing short carbon fibers were melted and overmolded on unidirectional carbon fibers, which act as the core of the composite structure. Four factors were varied in this study: fiber pretension applied to unidirectional fibers, injection pressure, melting temperature, and backpressure used for melting and injecting the composite pellet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these factors on fiber volume fraction, flexural strength, and impact strength of the hybrid composite. The relationship between factors and responses was analyzed using Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Each aspect was divided into three levels. There were 27 experimental runs carried out, with three replicated center points. The results showed that the injection molding process parameters had no significant effect on the fiber’s volume fraction. On the other hand, melting temperature and fiber pretension significantly affected impact strength and flexural strength

Design, Manufacture, and Performance Testing of Extrusion–Pultrusion Machine for Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Pellet Production

This study aimed to develop an extrusion and pultrusion system for producing carbon fiber-filled thermoplastic pellets. The extruder delivers a plastic melt to an impregnation die in sufficient volume and is pulled out along with the fibers. The fibers pass in a sideways stretched condition through spreader pins attached in the melt pool, which can then be wetted optimally. The wetting effect was also improved by immersing fiber in a coupling agent solution at an elevated temperature before feeding to the extruder die. For machine performance testing, polypropylene was used as a matrix resin with the following parameters: a screw speed of 5 rpm, a die temperature of 210 °C, and a pulling speed of 56 mm/s. The pull-out test was conducted to assess the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between fibers and matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was applied to characterize the quality of fiber impregnation. SEM characterized a good bonding performance between carbon fiber and the matrix. The average IFSS of the results indicated a good resistance of fiber–matrix bonding against a pulling force. It proved that the combination of the extrusion–pultrusion system can produce high-quality filaments as a raw material of composite pellets

Overmolding of Hybrid Long and Short Carbon Fiber Polypropylene Composite: Optimizing Processing Parameters

Injection overmolding was used to produce hybrid unidirectional continuous-short carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene. Polypropylene pellets containing short carbon fibers were melted and overmolded on unidirectional carbon fibers, which act as the core of the composite structure. Four factors were varied in this study: fiber pretension applied to unidirectional fibers, injection pressure, melting temperature, and backpressure used for melting and injecting the composite pellet. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of these factors on fiber volume fraction, flexural strength, and impact strength of the hybrid composite. The relationship between factors and responses was analyzed using Box–Behnken Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Each aspect was divided into three levels. There were 27 experimental runs carried out, with three replicated center points. The results showed that the injection molding process parameters had no significant effect on the fiber’s volume fraction. On the other hand, melting temperature and fiber pretension significantly affected impact strength and flexural strength

The Arikara Indians And The Missouri River Trade: A Quest For Survival

By the time the United States acquired most of the Great plains through the Louisiana Purchase, many Indians of the upper Missouri River valley had encountered French, British, and Anglo-American fur traders in their homeland. Most Native Americans in that region seem to have welcomed the manufactured goods these intruders brought, but at the same time some objected to the whites\u27 disruption of earlier trade patterns. Nearly all of the Missouri Valley tribes appear to have disliked some aspects of the fur and hide trade, and many violent incidents occurred. As a village dwelling tribe located along the Missouri River in South Dakota, the Arikara Indians could not avoid participation in the existing trade activities or the violence that seemed to grow out of them. Although limited in numbers and hemmed in by often hostile neighboring tribes, these people proved difficult partners for European, American, and Indian traders of the early nineteenth century. Between the 1790s and the smallpox epidemic of 1837 the Arikaras launched sporadic raids and attacks against other Indians as well as white traders who passed their villages. In doing so they were little different from their Sioux or Pawnee neighbors. Nevertheless, because of their actions traders and government officials considered them to be unpredictable and often dangerous. This view became so widespread that nearly every historical discussion of the early Missouri Valley and Rocky Mountain fur trade comments on Arikara hostility. In fact, most modern. historians merely echo early nineteenth-century criticism of the Arikaras as capricious and savage people, basing this characterization on the fur trade accounts from that era. Such an interpretation tends to obscure a better understanding of Arikara actions and motivations. Certainly the tribe was uncooperative and, at times, dangerous to the traders. Yet the basis for negative comments about the villagers often grew from other causes. As Lewis .Saum has pointed out, white views of particular tribes depended upon psychological and economic factors that might bear only a slight relationship to the Indians\u27 specific actions. For example, he notes that the two tribes with the worst reputations among the traders, the Blackfeet and the Arikaras, contributed almost nothing to the fur trade in general or to the profits of individual traders in particular. Of the two, the Arikaras lived in a region that offered few beaver or other fur-bearing animals. At the same time, the villagers were not particularly ambitious or successful hunters, so they had few pelts or buffalo robes on which the traders could make a profit.2 Certainly the Arikaras\u27s lack of effective participation in the Missouri River fur and hide trade supports Saum\u27s contention