Structure of glassy lithium sulfate films sputtered in nitrogen (LISON): Insight from Raman spectroscopy and ab initio calculations

Raman spectra of thin solid electrolyte films obtained by sputtering a lithium sulfate target in nitrogen plasma are measured and compared to ab initio electronic structure calculations for clusters composed of 28 atoms. Agreement between measured and calculated spectra is obtained when oxygen atoms are replaced by nitrogen atoms and when the nitrogen atoms form bonds with each other. This suggests that the incorporation of nitrogen during the sputtering process leads to structures in the film, which prevent crystallization of these thin film salt glasses.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Sukupuolikasvatus kreikkalaisissa alakouluissa : politiikkaa ja käytäntöjä

This study examines how sex education is currently developed and implemented in Greek primary schools. The four publications that comprise it explore the following themes: (1) the position and visibility of sex education as one of the topics for health education programme development; (2) the inhibiting and enhancing factors in the development and implementation of primary school sex education programmes; (3) how issues of sex, sexuality, the human body and romantic relationships are visually and textually represented in primary school textbooks; (4) the impact of sex education on teachers and pupils; and (5) teachers experiences as practitioners who deal with sexuality- related issues at school. -- The research was based on conducting multiple sub-studies using a mixed-methods approach. Specifically, qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed. The initial quantitative data that had been obtained by questionnaire was followed by the collection and analysis of qualitative data. The qualitative data were acquired by way of examining one particular case, various texts, interviews with teachers and self-reflective material. The results of the sub-studies are presented in a more detailed manner in the study s four publications. -- In general, the sub-studies found that sex education as an educational activity occupies a marginal place within the instructional practices of Greek primary school teachers, since the subject is hardly mentioned in classroom material, such as textbooks. However, engaging in the provision of sex education programmes can become a meaningful and rewarding experience for many teachers as well as pupils and their families. Further, teachers classroom experiences pointed to school settings as sexualized environments. These contextual factors and conditions nevertheless affected teachers practices and perceptions on a personal and professional level.Health indicators in Greece provide a picture of a population that faces various sexual health related problems. However, as many studies (including this work) indicate, sex education programmes that meet specific standards can have a positive impact on students overall health and well-being. Sex education teaching has always been a controversial issue. Its successful implementation in Greece demands knowledgeable educators and responsible policy-makers. The findings of this study suggest that the content of Greek primary school textbooks needs to be revised in order to include texts and pictures that deal with the human body and human sexuality, encourage pupils to become involved in designing the content and methods of programmes and give teachers the opportunity to reflect on and discuss their experiences. Keywords: sex education, primary school, GreeceTämä tutkimus tarkastelee sitä, miten sukupuolikasvatus on nykyisin toteutettu Kreikan koulujen ala-asteella. Neljässä julkaisussa tutkitaan seuraavia aiheita: (1) sukupuolikasvatuksen asemaa ja näkyvyyttä osana terveyskasvatuksen kehittämistä, (2) tekijöitä, jotka estävät tai edistävät sukupuolikasvatusohjelman kehittämistä ja toteuttamista ala-asteella, (3) sitä, miten sukupuoleen, seksuaalisuuteen, ihmisen kehoon ja seksuaalisuhteisiin kuuluvat kysymykset on visuaalisesti ja kirjallisesti esitetty ala-asteen oppikirjoissa, (4) sukupuolikasvatuksen vaikutusta opettajiin ja oppilaisiin sekä (5) opettajien kokemuksia ammattikuntana käsitellä seksuaalisuuteen liittyviä aiheita koulussa. Tutkimus perustuu toisiinsa liittyviin osatutkimuksiin, joissa on käytetty eri lähestymismenetelmiä. Erityinen, laadullinen ja määrällinen aineisto on kerätty ja analysoitu. Kyselylomakkeilla kerätyn alkuperäisen aineiston käsittelyä on jatkettu keräämällä ja analysoimalla kvalitatiivista aineistoa. Kvalitatiivinen aineisto on hankittu tutkimalla yhtä erityistapausta, eri tekstejä, opettajien haastatteluja ja pohjaamalla itsepohdiskelevaaan aineistoon. Osatutkimusten tulokset on esitetty yksityiskohtaisemmin tutkimuksen neljässä julkaisussa. Yleisesti osatutkimuksissa todetaan, että sukupuolikasvatus opetustoimintana on marginaalisessa asemassa Kreikan ala-asteiden opettajien opetuskäytännössä, koska aihetta on tuskin mainittu opetusmateriaalissa, kuten oppikirjoissa. Kuitenkin monille opettajille, oppilaille ja näiden vanhemmille sukupuolivalistusohjelmista huolehtiminen voi olla merkityksellinen ja palkitseva elämys. Lisäksi opettajien kokemusten mukaan koulussa herää sukupuoliasioihin liittyviä kysymyksiä. Nämä kontekstuaaliset tekijät vaikuttivat opettajien toimintaan henkilökohtaisella ja ammatillisella tasolla. Terveysindikaattorit Kreikassa todentavat väestönkuvan, joka kohtaa erilaisia seksuaalivalistukseen liittyviä ongelmia. Monet tutkimukset (tämä mukaan lukien) osoittavat, että erityiset standardit täyttävillä sukupuolikasvatusohjelmilla voi olla positiivinen vaikutus opiskelijan terveyteen ja hyvinvointiin. Sukupuolikasvatuksen opettaminen on aina ollut kiistelty aihe. Sen onnistunut toteuttaminen Kreikassa vaatii asioista perillä olevia opettajia ja vastuullisia päättäjiä. Tämän tutkimuksen tuloksissa esitetään, että Kreikan ala-asteiden oppikirjojen sisältöä täytyy uudistaa, siten, että niissä olisi tekstiä ja kuvia ihmisen kehosta ja seksuaalisuudesta, mikä rohkaisisi oppilaita olemaan mukana suunnittelemassa ohjelmien sisältöä ja menetelmiä ja antaisi opettajille mahdollisuuden keskustella kokemuksistaan. Avainsanat: sukupuolikasvatus, ala-aste, Kreikk

All-solid-state electrochromic reflectance device for emittance modulation in the far-infrared spectral region

All-solid-state electrochromic reflectance devices for thermal emittance modulation were designed for operation in the spectral region from mid- to far-infrared wavelengths (2–40 μm). All device constituent layers were grown by magnetron sputtering. The electrochromic (polycrystalline WO3), ion conductor (Ta2O5), and Li+ ion-storage layer (amorphous WO3), optimized for their infrared (IR) optical thicknesses, are sandwiched between a highly IR reflecting Al mirror, and a 90% IR transmissive Al grid top electrode, thereby meeting the requirements for a reversible Li+ ion insertion electrochromic device to operate within the 300 K blackbody emission range. Multicycle optical switching and emittance modulation is demonstrated. The measured change in emissivity of the device is to 20%

The geochemistry and mineralogy of stream sediments as indicators of mineralisation in South Devon.

Detailed geochemical studies of the dispersion of selected elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, As and especially Sn) were undertaken in the drainage sediments of an area on the south-eastern flank of Dartmoor, Devon. The study area is one of mixed geology consisting mainly of the Hercynian granites of the Dartmoor mass, the metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the adjoining "Killas" and some unmetamor-phosed sedimentary rocks of Carboniferous and Devonian ages. Tin mineralization occurs mainly within the granite area, although minor deposits have been found within the killas. Copper-zinc-arsenic mineralization is limited to the metamorphic and sedimentary sequences. Extensive mining of both types of deposits has been carried out in the past, and contamination is relatively widespread. The sediments of all the streams of the area were systematically sampled at an interval of approximately 1 kilometer. At each site two samples were collected - one panned and one unpanned. Each sample was sieved into a number of size fractions which were then divided into heavy and light components using bromoform. The material was then analysed for the elements listed above by atomic absorption spectro-photometry. Mineralogical investigations were employed in order to study the relationship between the geochemical patterns obtained and the mineralogical composition of the various sets of samples. The data obtained were treated by univariate and multivariate statistical-mathematical techniques, which proved to be of great value in making a reliable interpretation of the results obtained. Frequency distribution analysis, moving averages, correlation coefficients and semi-variograms were all employed. It was found that analysis of heavy concentrates can be used very effectively in exploration for tin and lead deposits. However the analysis of light minerals in the search for tin was found to be equally effective. Analysis of monometallic minerals (tourmaline) might also be used as an exploration tool particularly in the search for new stanniferous regions