Leitfaden Gestaltung von Speiseräumen in Schulen (Raum, Organisation, Kultur)

Dieser Leitfaden gibt Schulen Hinweise, wie durch eine geeignete Gestaltung der Speiseräume und der Mensa eine hohe Akzeptanz bei den Schülerinnen und Schülern erreicht werden kann. Dies ist notwendig, da nur bei einer ausreichenden und ausgewogenen Ernährung erreicht werden kann, dass die Schüler das Potenzial ihrer körperlichen wie auch geistigen Leistungsfähigkeit in der Schule nutzen können. Der Leitfaden ist in 3 Teile gegliedert. Im Teil 1 werden die Grundlagen und Konzepte für die Gestaltung der Speiseräume dargestellt. Hier werden vor allen Dingen die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse aus der Literatur zusammengefasst. Im Teil 2 wird auf der Basis des Besuchs von 22 Schulen analysiert, welche Lösungen Schulen gefunden haben. Dies stellt eine Zusammenfassung der aktuellen Praxis dar. Aus diesen beiden Teilen wird zusammenfassend der Leitfaden im Teil 3 formuliert, in dem überwiegend differenziert nach Grundschule und Sekundarstufe 1 Schulen Empfehlungen für die Gestaltung nach den verschiedenen Aspekten räumliche, organisatorische, soziale und kulturelle Gestaltung sowie Altersdifferenzierung gegeben werden. Es schließen sich 3 Anhänge an. Anhang 1: Dokumentation der besuchten Schulen in tabellarischer Form und anschließend durch Fotos der Speiseräume Anhang 2: Zusammenfassung von Regeln und Rituale vor allem aus dem Grundschulbereich Anhang 3: Kurzüberblick über angebotene Abrechnungssysteme Die in der Untersuchung herausgearbeiteten Erfolgsfaktoren werden zusammengefasst

On the approximation of spatial structures of global tidal magnetic field models

The extraction of the magnetic signal induced by the oceanic M2 tide is typically based solely on the temporal periodicity of the signal. Here, we propose a system of tailored trial functions that additionally takes the spatial constraint into account that the sources of the signal are localized within the oceans. This construction requires knowledge of the underlying conductivity model but not of the inducing tidal current velocity. Approximations of existing tidal magnetic field models with these trial functions and comparisons with approximations based on other localized and nonlocalized trial functions are illustrated.</p

Relation between composition and vacant oxygen sites in the mixed ionicelectronic conductors La5.4W1 yMyO12 delta M Mo, Re; 0 lt; y lt; 0.2 and their mother compound La6 xWO12 delta 0.4 lt; x lt; 0.8

A detailed analysis of specimen composition, water uptake and their interrelationship in the systems La6 xWO12 amp; 948; 0.4 amp; 8804; x amp; 8804;0.8 and La6 xW1 yMyO12 amp; 948; 0 amp; 8804;y amp; 8804;0.2; M Mo, Re is presented. The three specimen series were investigated in dry and wet D2O conditions. A systematic trend in mass loss and onset temperature variation was observed in La6 xWO12 amp; 948; 0.4 amp; 8804;x amp; 8804;0.8 . Even very small amounts lt; 1 wt of secondary phases were found to notably modify the specimen s water uptake and onset temperature of mass loss. The theoretical model for vacancy concentration available was used to calculate the vacant oxygen sites starting from mass loss values determined by thermogravimetry. A discrepancy between the calculated and observed concentration of vacant oxygen sites is observed for all three systems. The effect of substitution of W by Re or Mo on the vacancy amount is explained taking into account diffraction measurements and information on the oxidation state of the substituting elements Mo and R

Promotion of mixed protonic–electronic transport in La5.4_{5.4}WO11.1−δ_{11.1− δ} membranes under H2_2S atmospheres

Catalytic membrane reactors (CMR) based on H$_2$-separation membranes can improve the performance of thermodynamically-limited reactions such as high-pressure steam methane reforming, ammonia cracking, non-oxidative aromatics production, and water gas shift reaction (WGS). In these industrial processes, the membrane surfaces are typically exposed to steam, CO$_2$, CO, H$_2$S, and hydrocarbons in combination with high temperatures. Therefore, the membrane materials require long-term thermo-chemical stability under the mentioned conditions. Stability in H$_2$S is of outstanding importance since its presence, even at ppm level, gives rise to substantial surface poisoning and decomposition of most materials. Here we characterize the influence of H$_2$S on the crystalline structure, lattice composition, and hydrogen-transport properties of La$_{5.4}$WO$_{11.1−δ}$, one of the reference protonic membrane materials. The incorporation of sulfide ions in the crystal lattice is ascertained from XRD, XPS, FESEM, WDS, EDS, and FIB-SIMS analyses. UV-vis spectroscopy and EIS measurements illustrate the effect of the incorporated sulfur in the transport properties, i.e., vigorously promoting the electronic conductivity mediated by the concurrent partial reduction of tungsten cations (W$^{6+}$). The rise in electronic conductivity allowed an H$_2$ flux of 0.042 mL cm$^{−2}$ min$^{−1}$ to be reached at 700 °C for a ∼700 μm-thick membrane, in contrast with negligible H$_2$ permeation in H$_2$S-free conditions

Features of MOG required for recognition by patients with MOG antibody-associated disorders

Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG-Abs) define a distinct disease entity. Here we aimed to understand essential structural features of MOG required for recognition by autoantibodies from patients. We produced the N-terminal part of MOG in a conformationally correct form; this domain was insufficient to identify patients with MOG-Abs by ELISA even after site-directed binding. This was neither due to a lack of lipid embedding nor to a missing putative epitope at the C-terminus, which we confirmed to be an intracellular domain. When MOG was displayed on transfected cells, patients with MOG-Abs recognized full-length MOG much better than its N-terminal part with the first hydrophobic domain (P < 0.0001). Even antibodies affinity-purified with the extracellular part of MOG recognized full-length MOG better than the extracellular part of MOG after transfection. The second hydrophobic domain of MOG enhanced the recognition of the extracellular part of MOG by antibodies from patients as seen with truncated variants of MOG. We confirmed the pivotal role of the second hydrophobic domain by fusing the intracellular part of MOG from the evolutionary distant opossum to the human extracellular part; the chimeric construct restored the antibody binding completely. Further, we found that in contrast to 8-18C5, MOG-Abs from patients bound preferentially as F(ab')(2) rather than Fab. It was previously found that bivalent binding of human IgG1, the prominent isotype of MOG-Abs, requires that its target antigen is displayed at a distance of 13-16 nm. We found that, upon transfection, molecules of MOG did not interact so closely to induce a Forster resonance energy transfer signal, indicating that they are more than 6 nm apart. We propose that the intracellular part of MOG holds the monomers apart at a suitable distance for bivalent binding; this could explain why a cell-based assay is needed to identify MOG-Abs. Our finding that MOG-Abs from most patients require bivalent binding has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of MOG-Ab associated disorders. Since bivalently bound antibodies have been reported to only poorly bind C1q, we speculate that the pathogenicity of MOG-Abs is mostly mediated by other mechanisms than complement activation. Therefore, therapeutic inhibition of complement activation should be less efficient in MOG-Ab associated disorders than in patients with antibodies to aquaporin-4

Investigation of Luminescent Triplet States in Tetranuclear Cu-I Complexes : Thermochromism and Structural Characterization

To develop new and flexible Cu-I containing luminescent substances, we extend our previous investigations on two metal-centered species to four metal-centered complexes. These complexes could be a basis for designing new organic light-emitting diode (OLED) relevant species. Both the synthesis and in-depth spectroscopic analysis, combined with high-level theoretical calculations are presented on a series of tetranuclear Cu-I complexes with a halide containing Cu4X4 core (X=iodide, bromide or chloride) and two 2-(diphenylphosphino)pyridine bridging ligands with a methyl group in para (4-Me) or ortho (6-Me) position of the pyridine ring. The structure of the electronic ground state is characterized by X-ray diffraction, NMR, and IR spectroscopy with the support of theoretical calculations. In contrast to the para system, the complexes with ortho-substituted bridging ligands show a remarkable and reversible temperature-dependent dual phosphorescence. Here, we combine for the first time the luminescence thermochromism with time-resolved FTIR spectroscopy. Thus, we receive experimental data on the structures of the two triplet states involved in the luminescence thermochromism. The transient IR spectra of the underlying triplet metal/halide-to-ligand charge transfer (M-3/XLCT) and cluster-centered ((CC)-C-3) states were obtained and interpreted by comparison with calculated vibrational spectra. The systematic and significant dependence of the bridging halides was analyzed.Peer reviewe

Al13H−: Hydrogen atom site selectivity and the shell model

Using a combination of anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations, we explored the influence of the shell model on H atom site selectivity in Al13H−. Photoelectron spectra revealed that Al13H− has two anionic isomers and for both of them provided vertical detachment energies (VDEs). Theoretical calculations found that the structures of these anionic isomers differ by the position of the hydrogen atom. In one, the hydrogen atom is radially bonded, while in the other, hydrogen caps a triangular face. VDEs for both anionic isomers as well as other energetic relationships were also calculated. Comparison of the measured versus calculated VDE values permitted the structure of each isomer to be confirmed and correlated with its observed photoelectron spectrum. Shell model, electron-counting considerations correctly predicted the relative stabilities of the anionic isomers and identified the stable structure of neutral Al13H

Theory of Magneto--Acoustic Transport in Modulated Quantum Hall Systems Near ν=1/2\nu=1/2

Motivated by the experimental results of Willett et al [Phys.Rev. Lett., {\bf 78}, 4478 (1997)] we develop a magneto-transport theory for the response of a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in the Fractional Quantum Hall Regime near Landau level filling factor $\nu = 1/2$ to the surface acoustic wave (SAW) in the presence of an added periodic density modulation. We assume there exists a Composite Fermion Fermi Surface (CF-FS) at $\nu = 1/2$, and we show that the deformation of the (CF-FS) due to the density modulation can be at the origin of the observed transport anomalies for the experimental conditions. Our analysis is carried out particularly for the non-local case which corresponds to the SAW experiments. We introduce a new model of a deformed CF-FS. The model permits us to explain anomalous features of the response of the modulated 2DEG to the SAW near $\nu = 1/2:$ namely the nonlinear wave vector dependence of the electron conductivity, the appearance of peaks in the SAW velocity shift and attenuation and the anisotropy of the effect, all of which originate from contributions to the conductivity tensor due to the regions of the CF-FS which are flattened by the applied modulation.Comment: 13 pages, 4 figures, the published versio