Spray Conditioning for the Preparation of Spray Dried Submicron Particles

[EN] Particle size reduction down to the submicron range (0.1-1 µm) is an effective option to increase the bioavailability of low water soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients. According to the Nernst-Brunner equation, the preparation of submicron sized particles increases the specific surface area, thus increases the dissolution rate. Conventional spray drying devices for submicron particles show certain limitations. The main challenge is the preparation of small and uniform droplets during the atomisation step. In this work, fine droplets were generated combining a nozzle with a droplet separator. Therefore, the aerosol is generated with a pneumatic nozzle and is sprayed into a cyclone droplet separator. Depending on the characteristics of the cyclone, droplets larger than the cut-off-size were separated and returned into the liquid feed. The conditioned aerosol at the top of the cyclone separator can then be introduced into the drying chamber. With this concept the usable part is separated, thus no classification process after drying is necessary. The investigations show that the dependencies during atomisation of the droplets size on the liquid-to-gas mass flow ratio µm and the liquid properties (e.g. viscosity) do not apply to the separation step. The conditioned aerosol only depends on the separation characteristics of the cyclone droplet separator. However, the amount of droplets separated is determined by the atomisation step. Hence, the amount of droplets smaller than the cut-off-size can be increased by decreasing the droplet size of the primary aerosol. This is realised by secondary droplet fragmentation. An impact surface causes breakup of the droplets of the primary aerosol before separation. The investigations show an increased amount of droplets <2µm.Gorny, R.; Schaldach, G.; Walzel, P.; Thommes, M. (2017). Spray Conditioning for the Preparation of Spray Dried Submicron Particles. En Ilass Europe. 28th european conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 162-166. https://doi.org/10.4995/ILASS2017.2017.4701OCS16216

Discutindo a educação ambiental no cotidiano escolar: desenvolvimento de projetos na escola formação inicial e continuada de professores

A presente pesquisa buscou discutir como a Educação Ambiental (EA) vem sendo trabalhada, no Ensino Fundamental e como os docentes desta escola compreendem e vem inserindo a EA no cotidiano escolar., em uma escola estadual do município de Tangará da Serra/MT, Brasil. Para tanto, realizou-se entrevistas com os professores que fazem parte de um projeto interdisciplinar de EA na escola pesquisada. Verificou-se que o projeto da escola não vem conseguindo alcançar os objetivos propostos por: desconhecimento do mesmo, pelos professores; formação deficiente dos professores, não entendimento da EA como processo de ensino-aprendizagem, falta de recursos didáticos, planejamento inadequado das atividades. A partir dessa constatação, procurou-se debater a impossibilidade de tratar do tema fora do trabalho interdisciplinar, bem como, e principalmente, a importância de um estudo mais aprofundado de EA, vinculando teoria e prática, tanto na formação docente, como em projetos escolares, a fim de fugir do tradicional vínculo “EA e ecologia, lixo e horta”.Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educació

Resume of 7 years MOS in-orbit calibration - events, effects and explanations

The in-orbit calibration of the Modular Optoelectronic Scanner MOS on the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite IRS-P3 has delivered the actual radiometric recalibration coefficients with sufficient accuracy for most of the 18 spectral channels in the VIS/NIR spectral range during the 7 years mission time. This has been the basis for the thematic interpretation of the MOS data. The three different and independent in-orbit calibration methods: lamp calibration, sun calibration and ground target based (vicarious) calibration as well as different possibilities of dark signal determination and the extensive knowledge of instrument performance data and instrument characteristics from the lab measurements have enabled us to overcome all failures and difficulties of the instrument which occurred in orbit. The failure of the lamp and sun calibration equipment in September 2000 has been overcome by using the vicarious calibration and dark signal measurements at the earth night side at new moon. The failure of the thermo-electric cooling of the detectors in November 2002 could be overcome only by the knowledge of the temperature dependence of the spectral responsivity of the different spectral channels and its dark signals. Thus we are able to continue the determination of the time trend of the recalibration coefficients in spite of these problems. In the paper we will give a resume of the most important events concerning the in-orbit calibration during the mission time, try to find explanations for some effects and present the results of determining the recalibration coefficients and the accuracy reached under the concrete environmental and instrumental conditions in orbit

Transillumination imaging performance using time domain data

Light propagation in highly scattering media can be numerically simulated by solving the diffusion equation by the finite element method (FEM). Employing an iterative algorithm, the FEM solution of the forward problem is applied to the inverse imaging problem. Good test results were previously achieved when absorbers were searched in different objects. Now the reconstruction of scattering is also taken into account. Simulated measurement data are used to test and evaluate the method at various objects with tissue-like properties. Resulting problems are very ill posed. The algorithm is specially adapted to the illposedness of the problem. Improvements in reconstruction results can be achieved in two ways, first by adapting the detector arrangements and, secondly, by using a regularization strategy. The effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated by instructive examples

Pattern Comparator Trigger (PACT) for the Muon System of the CMS Experiment

The general scheme for the fast, pipelined first level trigger on high pt muons in the CMS detector at LHC is presented. The prototype PACT system was tested in the high momentum muon beams in the RD5 experiment during 1993/94 runs. The obtained efficiency curves are shown