Integrated optical waveplates for arbitrary operations on polarization-encoded single-qubits

Integrated photonic technologies applied to quantum optics have recently enabled a wealth of breakthrough experiments in several quantum information areas. Path encoding was initially used to demonstrate operations on single or multiple qubits. However, a polarization encoding approach is often simpler and more effective. Two-qubits integrated logic gates as well as complex interferometric structures have been successfully demonstrated exploiting polarization encoding in femtosecond-laser-written photonic circuits. Still, integrated devices performing single-qubit rotations are missing. Here we demonstrate waveguide-based waveplates, fabricated by femtosecond laser pulses, capable to effectively produce arbitrary single-qubit operations in the polarization encoding. By exploiting these novel components we fabricate and test a compact device for the quantum state tomography of two polarization-entangled photons. The integrated optical waveplates complete the toolbox required for a full manipulation of polarization-encoded qubits on-chip, disclosing new scenarios for integrated quantum computation, sensing and simulation, and possibly finding application also in standard photonic devices

Long Lasting Persistence of Bacillus thuringiensis Subsp. israelensis (Bti) in Mosquito Natural Habitats

Background: The detrimental effects of chemical insecticides on the environment and human health have lead to the call for biological alternatives. Today, one of the most promising solutions is the use of spray formulations based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) in insect control programs. As a result, the amounts of Bti spread in the environment are expected to increase worldwide, whilst the common belief that commercial Bti is easily cleared from the ecosystem has not yet been clearly established. Methodology/Main Findings: In this study, we aimed to determine the nature and origin of the high toxicity toward mosquito larvae found in decaying leaf litter collected in several natural mosquito breeding sites in the Rhône-Alpes region. From the toxic fraction of the leaf litter, we isolated B. cereus-like bacteria that were further characterized as B. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis using PCR amplification of specific toxin genes. Immunological analysis of these Bti strains showed that they belong to the H14 group. We finally used amplified length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to show that the strains isolated from the leaf litter were closely related to those present in the commercial insecticide used for field application, and differed from natural worldwide genotypes. Conclusions/Significance: Our results raise the issue of the persistence, potential proliferation and environmental accumulation of human-spread Bti in natural mosquito habitats. Such Bti environmental persistence may lengthen th

Templating porphyrin anisotropy via magnetically aligned carbon nanotubes

The preparation and characterisation of a novel three‐dimensional organic material consisting of porphyrin arrays on carbon nanotubes embedded in an organogel is reported. Firstly, the porphyrin array was prepared through metal‐ligand coordination of a ditopic ligand (1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane) and two bis‐Zn(II) porphyrins, linked through a pyrene core, and was studied through UV‐Vis, NMR and diffusion spectroscopies. Secondly, the porphyrin supramolecular architecture was adsorbed on pristine carbon nanotubes, greatly improving the dispersibility of the latter in organic solvents. The hybrid material was characterised by means of UV‐Vis spectroscopy, microscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, by exploiting the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of carbon nanotubes, the hybrid material was aligned under a magnetic field, the organisation of which could be maintained by in situ gelation. The resultant hybrid organogel exhibited notable optical anisotropy, suggesting an anisotropic arrangement of the porphyrin‐CNTs architectures in the macroscopic material

University of Trieste

Appare opportuno riproporre un itinerario ideale attraverso la vita universitaria triestina con un volume che ne descriva, in chiave aggiornata, le innovazioni, l’articolazione strutturale, le ricerche scientifiche e le principali offerte di studio. Conoscere la Trieste accademica, con un testo anche in versione inglese, è quindi un obiettivo che ci poniamo in un’ottica di ampia diffusione del nostro ruolo culturale in un territorio vasto, che travalica i consueti confini nazionali, per estendersi alle nazioni limitrofe, all’ampio bacino danubiano, all’Europa intera, alla dimensione più propriamente internazionale e globale. D’altra parte, è noto come l’Università di Trieste sappia attrarre, da decenni, una quota sempre rilevante di studenti stranieri, certamente in virtù della sua ottimale posizione geografica, ma non solo, perché giungono, nella nostra città, giovani e studiosi provenienti ormai da tutti continenti. La città mercantile, crocevia di traffici e commerci, si può ben dire riviva oggi nella sua università e nelle altre prestigiose istituzioni scientifiche del territorio, con l’ateneo strettamente connesse, rinverdendo così una tradizione che ha sempre visto Trieste qualificato polo di attrazione dei migliori talenti culturali. L’auspicio più vivo è quindi che il lettore possa cogliere, attraverso il percorso di questo volume, affidato al dispiegarsi di idonee immagini, dati e testi illustrativi, le peculiarità più caratterizzanti di un ateneo dalle solide tradizioni, che non a caso celebra quest’anno il suo 90° anno di storia, eppure proiettato con slancio, direi molto giovanile, verso traguardi futuri di forte innovazione e cambiamento

Betaproteobacteria dominance and diversity shifts in the bacterial community of a PAH-contaminated soil exposed to phenanthrene.

International audienceIn this study, the PAH-degrading bacteria of a constructed wetland collecting road runoff has been studied through DNA stable isotope probing. Microcosms were spiked with (13)C-phenanthrene at 34 or 337 ppm, and bacterial diversity was monitored over a 14-day period. At 337 ppm, PAH degraders became dominated after 5 days by Betaproteobacteria, including novel Acidovorax, Rhodoferax and Hydrogenophaga members, and unknown bacteria related to Rhodocyclaceae. The prevalence of Betaproteobacteria was further demonstrated by phylum-specific quantitative PCR, and was correlated with a burst of phenanthrene mineralization. Striking shifts in the population of degraders were observed after most of the phenanthrene had been removed. Soil exposed to 34 ppm phenanthrene showed a similar population of degraders, albeit only after 14 days. Results demonstrate that specific Betaproteobacteria are involved in the main response to soil PAH contamination, and illustrate the potential of SIP approaches to investigate PAH biodegradation in soil

Assessment of soil fungal diversity in different alpine tundra habitats by means of pyrosequencing

Abstract Studying fungal diversity is vital if we want to shed light on terrestrial ecosystem functioning. However, there is still poor understanding of fungal diversity and variation given that Fungi are highly diversified and that most of fungal species remain uncultured. In this study we explored diversity with 454 FLX sequencing technology by using the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) as the fungal barcode marker in order to evaluate the effect of 11 environmental conditions on alpine soil fungal diversity, as well as the consistency of those results by taking into account rare or unidentified Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs). In total we obtained 205131 ITS1 reads corresponding to an estimated fungal gamma diversity of between 5100 and 12 000 MOTUs at a 98% similarity threshold when considering respectively only identified fungal and all MOTUs. Fungal beta-diversity patterns were significantly explained by the environmental conditions, and were very consistent for abundant/rare and fungal/unidentified MOTUs confirming the ecological significance of rare/unidentified MOTUs, and therefore the existence of a fungal rare biosphere. This study shows that a beta-diversity estimation based on pyrosequencing is robust enough to support ecological studies. Additionally, our results suggest that rare MOTUs harbour ecological Guillaume Lentendu and Lucie Zinger equally contributed to this paper. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this articl

Contrasting Diversity Patterns of Crenarchaeal, Bacterial and Fungal Soil Communities in an Alpine Landscape

International audienceBackground: The advent of molecular techniques in microbial ecology has aroused interest in gaining an understanding about the spatial distribution of regional pools of soil microbes and the main drivers responsible of these spatial patterns. Here, we assessed the distribution of crenarcheal, bacterial and fungal communities in an alpine landscape displaying high turnover in plant species over short distances. Our aim is to determine the relative contribution of plant species composition, environmental conditions, and geographic isolation on microbial community distribution. Methodology/Principal Findings: Eleven types of habitats that best represent the landscape heterogeneity were investigated. Crenarchaeal, bacterial and fungal communities were described by means of Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism. Relationships between microbial beta diversity patterns were examined by using Bray-Curtis dissimilarities and Principal Coordinate Analyses. Distance-based redundancy analyses and variation partitioning were used to estimate the relative contributions of different drivers on microbial beta diversity. Microbial communities tended to be habitat- specific and did not display significant spatial autocorrelation. Microbial beta diversity correlated with soil pH. Fungal beta- diversity was mainly related to soil organic matter. Though the effect of plant species composition was significant for all microbial groups, it was much stronger for Fungi. In contrast, geographic distances did not have any effect on microbial beta diversity. Conclusions/Significance: Microbial communities exhibit non-random spatial patterns of diversity in alpine landscapes. Crenarcheal, bacterial and fungal community turnover is high and associated with plant species composition through different set of soil variables, but is not caused by geographical isolation

Communautés bactériennes de sols alpins et filtres environnementaux

Les bactéri es jouent un rôle clé dans les cycles biogéochimiques. Bien que l'effet du manteau neigeux en hiver dans la fonction et la composition des communautés bactériennes du sol ait été signalé, l'effet de la variation spatio-temporelle du manteau neigeux reste à étudier. Dans cette étude, nous avons caractérisé la dynamique spatio-temporelle des communautés bactériennes à partir de deux sites extrêmes selon un gradient de couvert neigeux. Pour cela, nous avons utilisé des approches moléculaires (SSCP et clonage / séquençage) et traditionnel (isolation par culture bactérienne). Les résultats présentés montrent que l'ensemble de la diversité bactérienne, sa composition et sa structure phylogénétique sont fortement liés à la durée de la couverture de neige. En outre, ces effets sont détectables au cours de la saison de végétation des plantes. Les facteurs biotiques et abiotiques (i.e. la sénescence des plantes et le pH du sol) jouent un rôle essentiel conduisant au regroupement de certaines bactéries en clades spécifiques (Acidobactéries, Actinobactéries, a-et b-Proteobactéries). Au cours de la saison de végétation des plantes, les clades de bactéries sont plus dispersés. La présente étude montre que, à un niveau taxonomique fin, la variation temporelle est un facteur plus important que la variation spatiale sur la diversité bactérienne. A un niveau taxonomique supérieur (i.e. sousphylum), la conclusion est inverse. Seule une petite fraction du total de la diversité bactérienne est cultivable et il se peut que certains groupes bactériens soient surreprésentés dans les plaques de culture. Cette étude apporte un nouvel éclairage sur le rôle de l hiver et de la couverture neigeuse dans les distributions des communautés bactériennes. Cette étude peut-être utile pour prédire le comportement des bactéries dans les cycles des éléments nutritifs dans un contexte de réchauffement de la planète.Bacteria play a key role in biogeochemical cycles. While the effect of winter snow cover in function and composition of soil bacterial communities has been reported, the effect of spatiotemporal variation of snow cover remains to be studied. In this study, we characterised the spatio-temporal dynamics of bacterial communities from two sites at the extremes of a snow cover gradient. We used molecular (SSCP and cloning/sequencing) and traditional (bacterial isolation by culture) approaches. The presented results show that the overall bacterial diversity, composition and phylogenetic structure are strongly related to snow cover duration. Moreover, these effects are also detectable during the plant productive season. The biotic and abiotic factors (i.e. plant senescence and soil pH) play an essential role leading to the clustering of certain bacterial clades (Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, a- and b-Proteobacteria). During the plant productive season, the bacterial clades are overdispersed. The preset study shows that, at a fine taxonomic level, the temporal variation is more important than the change over space. At higher taxonomic levels (i.e. sub-phylum), the space are more important than temporal variations. Only a minor fraction of the total bacterial diversity is cultivable, and may bacterial groups be overrepresented in culture plates. This study provides new insights in role of snow cover in bacterial communities distribution and role of winter. This study may be useful in predicting of bacterial behaviour in nutrient cycle in a context of global warming.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Expression and Study of Recombinant ExoM, a β1-4 Glucosyltransferase Involved in Succinoglycan Biosynthesis in Sinorhizobium meliloti

Here we report on the overexpression and in vitro characterization of a recombinant form of ExoM, a putative β1-4 glucosyltransferase involved in the assembly of the octasaccharide repeating subunit of succinoglycan from Sinorhizobium meliloti. The open reading frame exoM was isolated by PCR and subcloned into the expression vector pET29b, allowing inducible expression under the control of the T7 promoter. Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)/pLysS containing exoM expressed a novel 38-kDa protein corresponding to ExoM in N-terminal fusion with the S-tag peptide. Cell fractionation studies showed that the protein is expressed in E. coli as a membrane-bound protein in agreement with the presence of a predicted C-terminal transmembrane region. E. coli membrane preparations containing ExoM were shown to be capable of transferring glucose from UDP-glucose to glycolipid extracts from an S. meliloti mutant strain which accumulates the ExoM substrate (Glcβ1-4Glcβ1-3Gal-pyrophosphate-polyprenol). Thin-layer chromatography of the glycosidic portion of the ExoM product showed that the oligosaccharide formed comigrates with an authentic standard. The oligosaccharide produced by the recombinant ExoM, but not the starting substrate, was sensitive to cleavage with a specific cellobiohydrolase, consistent with the formation of a β1-4 glucosidic linkage. No evidence for the transfer of multiple glucose residues to the glycolipid substrate was observed. It was also found that ExoM does not transfer glucose to an acceptor substrate that has been hydrolyzed from the polyprenol anchor. Furthermore, neither glucose, cellobiose, nor the trisaccharide Glcβ1-4Glcβ1-3Glc inhibited the transferase activity, suggesting that some feature of the lipid anchor is necessary for activity