The Coherent File Distribution Protocol

CFDP is a protocol that takes advantage of the broadcast nature of CSMA networks to speed up simultaneous one-to-many file transfers (e.g., when booting diskless workstations). The CFDP server listens and services requests for entire files or portions thereof. CFDP clients first determine whether the file they are interested in is already being transferred, in which case they "eavesdrop" and load as much of it as they can, or they initiate a new transfer. The clients timeout when the server stops transmitting, and if they are still missing parts of the file they request them with a block-transfer request. CFDP is a back-end protocol a front end is needed to handle naming and security issues. A simple such front end is also presented here

Image Formats: Five Years after the AAPM Standard for Digital Image Interchange

The publication of AAPM Report No. 10 was the first attempt to standardize image formats in the medical imaging community. Since then, three other groups have formed (CART -- the Scandinavian collaboration for Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy treatment planning; ACR-NEMA, a collaboration whose purpose is to formulate a standard digital interface to medical imaging equipment; and COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project a European collaboration whose purpose is to define a format for digital image exchange in Nuclear Medicine). The AAPM format uses key-value pairs in plain text to keep track of all information associated with a particular image. The radiation oncology community in the U.S. has been defining key-value pairs for use with CT, nuclear medicine and MR images. The COST B2 Nuclear Medicine Project has also adopted this format and together with the Australian/New Zealand Society of Nuclear Medicine Technical Standards Sub-Committee which has also adopted this format has defined an initial set of key-value pairs for Nuclear Medicine images. Additionally, both ACR-NEMA and CART have been defining fields for use with the same types of images. The CART collaboration has introduced a database which is available electronically, but is maintained by a group of individuals. ACR-NEMA operates through committee meetings. The COST B2 group operates through electronic (and postal where necessary) mail. To insure a consistent set of field names in such a rapidly developing arena requires the use of a server rather than a committee. Via a server a person would inquire if a particular field had been defined. If so, the defined name would be returned. If not, the person would be given the opportunity to define the field. The next inquiry would return the previously defined field. As new modalities are added to the imaging repertoire, it would be easier and faster to ensure the consistency and adequacy of the database; e.g., in the present version of its standard, the ACR-NEMA fields are adequate for CT but there are very few fields suitable for describing the parameters associated with nuclear medicine and MR images

Logic Programming Using Parallel Associative Operations

In order to provide performance improvements in the execution of large logic programs, it is highly desirable to investigate the relationships between logic, data-base systems and knowledge-based systems in the context of massively parallel architectures. This paper presents a model for the interpretation of logic programs in this type of environment and overviews the algorithms under development. An interpreter that implements the model has been demonstrated in simulations on a number of small programs. Implementation requires that only a small set of hardware primitives be available, these have been successfully implemented on a working prototype machine, DADO. Current research aims to develop the model into a practical and efficient logic programming system for use on the machine

Necessary and sufficient condition for the global stability of a delayed discrete-time neuron model

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies acquired in list mode offer the opportunity to provide a cine loop showing the dynamics of 18F- PET uptake, giving a visualization of regional bone remodeling. The focus of this report is a group of patients treated with Taylor spatial frames (TSF). The studies were acquired for a period of 45 minutes and saved in list mode. The list was decoded and subsequently segmented into time intervals of one minute each. For each time interval a sinogram was generated from which volumes of one minute each were reconstructed. Slices projected from these volumes could then be displayed as a dynamic loop superimposed on the corresponding computed tomography (CT) slice in order to visualize the 18F- uptake insitu. It was indicated that this technique has the potential of becoming an additional technique to that of using static volumes and SUV values only. As the list mode data was decoded it also offered a method to evaluate the potential decrease in injected activity by eliminating every Nth event from the list before reconstructing the 45 minute volume. This was done and the indication was that the injected activity and hence the effective dose to the patient can be decreased. However, in this work, this was not proven clinically. The open source STIR software was used to reconstruct volumes from sinograms to enable an unlimited access to reconstructing volumes without disturbing the daily routine at the clinic. The data was acquired on a clinical Siemens Medical Solutions Biograph 64 TruePoint TrueV, PET/CT scanner situated at the Nuclear Medicine Department at the Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. This scanner was not supported by the STIR software, hence the data collected by the Siemens PET/CT scanner was translated so that 3D reconstructions could be computed using the STIR tools. The reconstructions made in STIR resulted in volumes of sufficient visual quality, but not as good as those reconstructed by the scanner itself. Further optimization in STIR was left for future work. According to the physicians who treat these patients, dynamic visualization was of sufficient interest to continue to develop and optimize this method. The cine loops that were presented to the physicians were made from JPEG slices produced from the one minute volumes and put together as GIF files. It was also possible to vary the reconstruction time (from uniformly one minute) as well as the presentation rate in the cine loop, but this was left for future work. Ultimately, the cine loop will be implemented in the locally developed software tool.Positronemissionstomografi (PET) studier som förvärvats i list mode erbjuder möjligheten att göra film slingor som visar dynamiken i 18F- PET upptag. Detta förväntas ge en dynamisk visualisering av var ben nybildas. Fokus i denna rapport är en grupp patienter som behandlats med Taylor spatial frames (TSF). Bilderna i studien förvärvades under en period av 45 minuter och sparades i list mode. List mode data avkodades och delades därefter upp i tidsintervaller på en minut vardera. För varje tidsintervall rekonstruerades ett sinogram för vilka bilder av volymen rekonstruerades. Skivor från dessa volymer kan sedan visas som en dynamisk slinga ovanpå motsvarande datortomografi (CT) skiva för att visualisera 18F- upptaget in situ. Denna teknik visade sig ha potential att bli en ytterligare teknik utöver de statiska volymer och SUV-värden som redan finns tillgängliga. Eftersom listmode data avkodats erbjuds också en metod för att utvärdera en potentiell minskning av den injicerade aktivitet genom att eliminera varje N: te händelse från listan innan volymen på 45 minuter rekonstrueras. Detta utfördes och det visade sig att den injicerade aktiviteten och därmed den effektiva dosen till patienten potentiellt kan minskas men i detta arbete har detta inte bevisats kliniskt. Mjukvaran STIR, som är tillgängligt för allmänheten, användes för att rekonstruera volymer från sinogram för att möjliggöra en obegränsad tillgång till att rekonstruera volymer utan att störa den dagliga rutinen på kliniken. Data förvärvades i en klinisk Siemens Medical Solutions Biograph 64 TruePoint TrueV, PET/CT-skanner som är placerad vid nuklearmedicinska avdelningen vid Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset i Solna. Skannern var inte kompatibel med STIR mjukvaran. Därför översattes det data som samlats in av Siemens PET/CT-skannern så att 3D-rekonstruktioner kan beräknas med hjälp av verktygen i STIR. De rekonstruktioner som gjorts i STIR gav upphov till volymer av tillräcklig visuell kvalitet för denna studie, men var inte lika bra som de som rekonstrueras genom själva skannern. Ytterligare optimering i STIR lämnades för framtida arbete. Enligt de läkare som behandlar dessa patienter var en dynamisk visualisering av tillräckligt intresse att fortsätta utveckla och optimera den här metoden. Film slingor som presenterades för läkarna gjordes från JPEG bilder tagna från skivor av volymer på en minut vardera som producerats och sattes ihop som GIF-filer. Det var också möjligt att variera återuppbyggnadstiden (från jämnt en minut) samt presentationshastigheten i film slingan, men detta lämnades till framtida arbetet. I slutändan kommer film slingan implementeras i ett lokalt utvecklat verktyg.QC 20151102</p

||PSL: A Parallel Lisp for the DADO Machine

We describe a system level programming language and integrated environment for programming development on the DADO parallel computer. In addition a set of language constructs augmenting LISP for programming parallel computation on tree structured parallel machine are defined. We discuss the architecture or the DADO machine and present several examples to illustrate the language. In particular we describe how the language provides an integrated approach to the problem or parallel software design. Parallel algorithms may be designed analyzed on a sequential machine under simulation and then simply recompiled to run on a parallel machine. In concluding sections we outline the implementation using the Portable Standard LISP Compiler

An Overview of the DADO Parallel Computer

DADO is a special purpose parallel computer designed for the rapid execution of artificial intelligence expert systems. This article discusses the DADO hardware and software systems with emphasis on the question of granularity. DADO is designed as a fine-grain machine constructed from many thousands of processing elements (PEs) interconnected in a complete binary tree. Two prototype systems, DADOI and DAD02, are detailed. Each PE of these prototypes consists of a commercially available microprocessor chip, memory Chips, and an additional semicustom I/O processor designed at Columbia University. The software includes a kernel and parallel languages. Under development are several artificial intelligence systems, including a production system interpreter, a logic programming language, and an expert system building tool

A New Automated Way to Measure Polyethylene Wear in THA Using a High Resolution CT Scanner: Method and Analysis

As the most advantageous total hip arthroplasty (THA) operation is the first, timely replacement of only the liner is socially and economically important because the utilization of THA is increasing as younger and more active patients are receiving implants and they are living longer. Automatic algorithms were developed to infer liner wear by estimating the separation between the acetabular cup and femoral component head given a computed tomography (CT) volume. Two series of CT volumes of a hip phantom were acquired with the femoral component head placed at 14 different positions relative to the acetabular cup. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the diameter of the acetabular cup and femoral component head, in addition to the range of error in the expected wear values and the repeatability of all the measurements, were calculated. The algorithms resulted in a mean (±SD) for the diameter of the acetabular cup of 54.21 (±0.011) mm and for the femoral component head of 22.09 (±0.02) mm. The wear error was ±0.1 mm and the repeatability was 0.077 mm. This approach is applicable clinically as it utilizes readily available computed tomography imaging systems and requires only five minutes of human interaction

FMM-Head: Enhancing Autoencoder-based ECG anomaly detection with prior knowledge

Detecting anomalies in electrocardiogram data is crucial to identifying deviations from normal heartbeat patterns and providing timely intervention to at-risk patients. Various AutoEncoder models (AE) have been proposed to tackle the anomaly detection task with ML. However, these models do not consider the specific patterns of ECG leads and are unexplainable black boxes. In contrast, we replace the decoding part of the AE with a reconstruction head (namely, FMM-Head) based on prior knowledge of the ECG shape. Our model consistently achieves higher anomaly detection capabilities than state-of-the-art models, up to 0.31 increase in area under the ROC curve (AUROC), with as little as half the original model size and explainable extracted features. The processing time of our model is four orders of magnitude lower than solving an optimization problem to obtain the same parameters, thus making it suitable for real-time ECG parameters extraction and anomaly detection.Comment: 23 pages, 14 figure

Sagor, visor och lekar

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Validation of a 3D CT method for measurement of linear wear of acetabular cups: A hip simulator study

Background We evaluated the accuracy and repeatability of a 3D method for polyethylene acetabular cup wear measurements using computed tomography (CT). We propose that the method be used for clinical in vivo assessment of wear in acetabular cups. Material and methods Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene cups with a titanium mesh molded on the outside were subjected to wear using a hip simulator. Before and after wear, they were (1) imaged with a CT scanner using a phantom model device, (2) measured using a coordinate measurement machine (CMM), and (3) weighed. CMM was used as the reference method for measurement of femoral head penetration into the cup and for comparison with CT, and gravimetric measurements were used as a reference for both CT and CMM. Femoral head penetration and wear vector angle were studied. The head diameters were also measured with both CMM and CT. The repeatability of the method proposed was evaluated with two repeated measurements using different positions of the phantom in the CT scanner. Results The accuracy of the 3D CT method for evaluation of linear wear was 0.51 mm and the repeatability was 0.39 mm. Repeatability for wear vector angle was 17?. Interpretation This study of metal-meshed hip-simulated acetabular cups shows that CT has the capacity for reliable measurement of linear wear of acetabular cups at a clinically relevant level of accuracy