Prospects for the In Situ detection of Comet C/2019 Y4 ATLAS by Solar Orbiter

The European Space Agency's Solar Orbiter spacecraft will pass approximately downstream of the position of comet C/2019 Y4 (ATLAS) in late May and early June 2020. We predict that the spacecraft may encounter the comet's ion tail around 2020 May 31-June 1, and that the comet's dust tail may be crossed on 2020 June 6. We outline the solar wind features and dust grain collisions that the spacecraft's instruments may detect when crossing the comet's two tails. Solar Orbiter will also pass close to the orbital path of C/2020 F8 (SWAN) on 2020 May 22, but we believe that it is unlikely to detect any material associated with that comet.Comment: 3 pages, 1 figur

Solar Wind Velocities at Comets C/2011 L4 Pan‐STARRS and C/2013 R1 Lovejoy derived using a New Image Analysis Technique

The ion tails of bright comets have long been considered as natural tracers of the solar wind near these objects. Studies of comets and their ion tails allow inexpensive monitoring of key solar wind structures in the inner heliosphere, much of which is otherwise only accessible by in situ solar wind spacecraft measurements. Here, we present a novel technique to mine the rich archive of amateur, professional and spacecraft observations of cometary ion tails. To demonstrate this, we focus on Near-Sun comet C/2011 L4 (Pan-STARRS) during Carrington Rotations (CR) 2134 and 2135 and comet C/2013 R1 (Lovejoy) during CR 2118. We outline the technique’s shortcomings, including its geometric limitations, and present a catalogue of radial solar wind velocities derived in the near-comet environment and information on the heliospheric conditions inferred from the measured solar wind. Complementary measurements, derived from folding ion rays and a velocity profile map built from consecutive images, are provided as an alternative means of quantifying the solar wind-cometary ionosphere interaction. We find that comets are generally good indicators of solar wind structure, but the quality of the results is strongly dependent on the observing geometry

Observations of a dust tail gap in comet C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS)

Cometary dust tails display a wide array of structures, most believed to be caused by a variable dust production, size distributions, fragmentation processes, and interactions with the solar wind, e.g. Price et al. (2019). However, not all these structures are fully understood. Here we report the discovery of a curious new dust tail feature, first noted in long period comet C/2014 Q1 (PanSTARRS) (Bolin et al., 2014), where a section of the dust tail was clearly missing. This implies that the comet underwent a dramatic temporary decrease in dust production near perihelion. The gap appeared on 2015 July 14, 8 days after perihelion at 0.318 au, and progressed along the tail, following the expected motion of the dust that should have been present. The gap corresponds to dust ejected between July 5 and July 12, and of 0.01. Possible explanations for this gap are proposed

Polarimetric analysis of STEREO observations of sungrazing kreutz comet C/2010 E6 (STEREO)

Twin STEREO spacecraft pre-perihelion photometric and polarimetric observations of the sungrazing Kreutz comet C/2010 E6 (STEREO) in March 2010 at heliocentric distances 3−28 R⊙ were investigated using a newly created set of analysis routines. The comet fully disintegrated during its perihelion passage. Prior to that, a broadening and an increase of the intensity peak with decreasing heliocentric distance was accompanied by a drop to zero polarization at high phase angles (∼105°–135°, STEREO-B) and the emergence of negative polarization at low phase angles (∼25°–35°, STEREO-A). Outside the near-comet region, the tail exhibited a steep slope of increasing polarization with increasing cometocentric distance, with the slope becoming less prominent as the comet approached the Sun. The steep slope may be attributed to sublimation of refractory organic matrix and the processing of dust grains, or to presence of amorphous carbon. The change in slope with proximity to the Sun is likely caused by the gradual sublimation of all refractory material. The polarization signatures observed at both sets of phase angles closer to the comet photocentre as the comet approached the Sun are best explained by fragmentation of the nucleus, exposing fresh Mg-rich silicate particles, followed by their gradual sublimation. The need for further studies of such comets, both observational and theoretical, is highlighted, as well as the benefit of the analysis routines created for this work

The proposed Caroline ESA M3 mission to a Main Belt Comet

We describe Caroline, a mission proposal submitted to the European Space Agency in 2010 in response to the Cosmic Visions M3 call for medium-sized missions. Caroline would have travelled to a Main Belt Comet (MBC), characterizing the object during a flyby, and capturing dust from its tenuous coma for return to Earth. MBCs are suspected to be transition objects straddling the traditional boundary between volatile–poor rocky asteroids and volatile–rich comets. The weak cometary activity exhibited by these objects indicates the presence of water ice, and may represent the primary type of object that delivered water to the early Earth. The Caroline mission would have employed aerogel as a medium for the capture of dust grains, as successfully used by the NASA Stardust mission to Comet 81P/Wild 2. We describe the proposed mission design, primary elements of the spacecraft, and provide an overview of the science instruments and their measurement goals. Caroline was ultimately not selected by the European Space Agency during the M3 call; we briefly reflect on the pros and cons of the mission as proposed, and how current and future mission MBC mission proposals such as Castalia could best be approached

Fine-Scale Structure in Cometary Dust Tails I::Analysis of Striae in Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught) through Temporal Mapping

Striated features, or striae, form in cometary dust tails due to an as-yet unconstrained process or processes. For the first time we directly display the formation of striae, at C/2006 P1 McNaught, using data from the SOHO LASCO C3 coronagraph. The nature of this formation suggests both fragmentation and shadowing effects are important in the formation process. Using the SOHO data with STEREO-A and B data from the HI-1 and HI-2 instruments, we display the evolution of these striae for two weeks, with a temporal resolution of two hours or better. This includes a period of morphological change on 2007 January 13–14 that we attribute to Lorentz forces caused by the comet’s dust tail crossing the heliospheric current sheet. The nature of this interaction also implies a mixing of different sized dust along the striae, implying that fragmentation must be continuous or cascading. To enable this analysis, we have developed a new technique – temporal mapping – that displays cometary dust tails directly in the radiation beta (ratio of radiation pressure to gravity) and dust ejection time phase space. This allows for the combination of various data sets and the removal of transient motion and scaling effects

Ionospheric photoelectrons at Venus: case studies and first observation in the tail

The presence of photoelectrons in ionospheres, including that of unmagnetised Venus, can be inferred from their characteristic spectral peaks in the electron energy spectrum. The electrons within the peaks are created by the photoionisation of neutrals in the upper atmosphere by the solar HeII 30.4 nm line. Here, we present some case studies of photoelectron spectra observed by the ASPERA-4 instrument aboard Venus Express with corresponding ion data. In the first case study, we observe photoelectron peaks in the sunlit ionosphere, indicating relatively local production. In the second case study, we observe broadened peaks in the sunlit ionosphere near the terminator, which indicate scattering processes between a more remote production region and the observation point. In the third case study, we present the first observation of ionospheric photoelectrons in the induced magnetotail of Venus, which we suggest is due to the spacecraft being located at that time on a magnetic field line connected to the dayside ionosphere at lower altitudes. Simultaneously, low energy ions are observed moving away from Venus. In common with observations at Mars and at Titan, these imply a possible role for the relatively energetic electrons in producing an ambipolar electric field which enhances ion escape

Photoelectrons in the Enceladus plume

The plume of Enceladus is a remarkable plasma environment containing several charged particle species. These include cold magnetospheric electrons, negative and positive water clusters, charged nanograins, and “magnetospheric photoelectrons” produced from ionization of neutrals throughout the magnetosphere near Enceladus. Here we discuss observations of a population newly identified by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer (CAPS) electron spectrometer instrument—photoelectrons produced in the plume ionosphere itself. These were found during the E19 encounter, in the energetic particle shadow where penetrating particles are absent. Throughout E19, CAPS was oriented away from the ram direction where the clusters and nanograins are observed during other encounters. Plume photoelectrons are also clearly observed during the E9 encounter and are also seen at all other Enceladus encounters where electron spectra are available. This new population, warmer than the ambient plasma population, is distinct from, but adds to, the magnetospheric photoelectrons. Here we discuss the observations and examine the implications, including the ionization source these electrons provide

Diamagnetic depression observations at Saturn’s magnetospheric cusp by the Cassini spacecraft

The magnetospheric cusp is a region where shocked solar wind plasma can enter a planetary magnetosphere, after magnetic reconnection has occurred at the dayside magnetopause or in the lobes. The dense plasma that enters the high‐latitude magnetosphere creates diamagnetic effects whereby a depression is observed in the magnetic field. We present observations of the cusp events at Saturn’s magnetosphere where these diamagnetic depressions are found. The data are subtracted from a magnetic field model, and the calculated magnetic pressure deficits are compared to the particle pressures. A high plasma pressure layer in the magnetosphere adjacent to the cusp is discovered to also depress the magnetic field, outside of the cusp. This layer is observed to contain energetic He++ (up to ∼100 keV) from the solar wind as well as heavy water group ions (W+) originating from the moon Enceladus. We also find a modest correlation of diamagnetic depression strength to solar wind dynamic pressure and velocity; however, unlike at Earth, there is no correlation found with He++ counts.Key PointsDiamagnetic depressions are found in the cusp and are observed to continue into the adjacent magnetosphereA heated plasma layer of mixed composition is found to depress the adjacent magnetospheric fieldDiamagnetic depression strength is correlated to solar wind dynamic pressure and velocity but not to the observed He++ counts, like at EarthPeer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137687/1/jgra53517_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137687/2/jgra53517-sup-0001-supinfo.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/137687/3/jgra53517.pd

Potential Backup Targets for Comet Interceptor

Comet Interceptor is an ESA F-class mission expected to launch in 2028 on the same launcher as ESA's ARIEL mission. Comet Interceptor's science payload consists of three spacecraft, a primary spacecraft that will carry two smaller probes to be released at the target. The three spacecraft will fly-by the target along different chords, providing multiple simultaneous perspectives of the comet nucleus and its environment. Each of the spacecraft will be equipped with different but complementary instrument suites designed to study the far and near coma environment and surface of a comet or interstellar object (ISO). The primary spacecraft will perform a fly-by at ~1000 km from the target. The two smaller probes will travel deeper into the coma, closer to the nucleus. The mission is being designed and launched without a specific comet designated as its main target. Comet Interceptor will travel to the Sun-Earth L2 Lagrangian point with ARIEL and wait in hibernation until a suitable long-period comet (LPC) is found that will come close enough to the Sun for the spacecraft to maneuver to an encounter trajectory. To prepare for all eventualities, the science team has assembled a preliminary set of backup targets from the known Jupiter family comets, where a suitable fly-by trajectory can be achieved during the nominal mission timeline (including the possibility of some launch delay). To better prioritize this list, we are releasing our potential backup targets in order to solicit the planetary community's help with observations of these objects over future apparitions and to encourage publication of archival data on these objects.Comment: Accepted to RNAA