Drainage of the Teays-Stage Mount Vernon and Cambridge Rivers

Author Institution: U. S. Geological Survey, 85 Marconi Blvd., Columbus 15, Ohi

Can the TV makeover format of edutainment lead to widespread changes in farmer behaviour and influence innovation systems? Shamba Shape Up in Kenya

Edutainment, the combination of education with entertainment through various media such as television, radio, mobile phone applications and games, is increasingly being used as an approach to stimulate innovation and increase agricultural productivity amongst smallholder farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. Shamba Shape Up, a widely publicised makeover reality TV programme, is an example of edutainment that has received considerable attention, and airs in three countries in East Africa where it is estimated to be watched by millions of viewers. There is no published academic research on the influence of makeover television formats on innovation systems and processes in smallholder agriculture. Using an Agricultural Innovation Systems approach, this paper explores how makeover edutainment is influencing smallholder farmer innovation systems together with the effect this is having on smallholder farms. In the absence of previous research, it articulates a Theory of Change which draws on research traditions from mass communication, agricultural extension and innovation systems. Data came from two large scale quantitative (n=9,885 and n=1,572) surveys and in-depth participatory qualitative research comprising focus group discussions, participatory budgets, agricultural timelines, case studies and key information interviews in Kenya. An estimated 430,000 farmers in the study area were benefiting from their interaction with the programme through increased income and / or a range of related social benefits including food security, improving household health, diversification of livelihood choices, paying school fees for children and increasing their community standing / social capital. Participatory research showed SSU enhanced an already rich communication environment and strengthened existing processes of innovation. It helped set the agenda for discussions within farming communities about opportunities for improving smallholder farms, while also giving specific ideas, information and knowledge, all in the context of featured farm families carefully selected so that a wide range of viewers would identify with them and their challenges. Broadcasts motivated and inspired farmers to improve their own farms through a range of influences including entertainment, strong empathy with the featured host farm families, the way ideas emerged through interaction with credible experts, and importantly through stimulating widespread discussion and interaction amongst and between farmers and communities of experts on agricultural problems, solutions and opportunities. The fact that local extension workers also watched the programmes further enhanced the influence on local innovation systems. The findings indicate that well designed makeover edutainment can strongly influence agricultural innovation processes and systems resulting in impact on the agricultural production and behaviours of large numbers of smallholder farmers

Digital Signal Processing

Contains an introduction and reports on fourteen research projects.National Science Foundation FellowshipNational Science Foundation (Grant ECS84-07285)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-81-K-0742)Sanders Associates, Inc.U.S. Air Force - Office of Scientific Research (Contract F19628-85-K-0028)Advanced Television Research ProgramAmoco Foundation FellowshipHertz Foundation Fellowshi

Digital Signal Processing

Contains an introduction and reports on fifteen research projects.U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00O14-81-K-0742)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0266)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS80-07102)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS84-07285)Amoco Foundation FellowshipSanders Associates, Inc.Advanced Television Research ProgramM.I.T. Vinton Hayes FellowshipHertz Foundation Fellowshi

An appeal to the global health community for a tripartite innovation: an ‘‘Essential Diagnostics List,’’ ‘‘Health in All Policies,’’ and ‘‘See-Through 21st Century Science and Ethics"

Diagnostics spanning a wide range of new biotechnologies, including proteomics, metabolomics, and nanotechnology, are emerging as companion tests to innovative medicines. In this Opinion, we present the rationale for promulgating an ‘‘Essential Diagnostics List.’’ Additionally, we explain the ways in which adopting a vision for ‘‘Health in All Policies’’ could link essential diagnostics with robust and timely societal outcomes such as sustainable development, human rights, gender parity, and alleviation of poverty. We do so in three ways. First, we propose the need for a new, ‘‘see through’’ taxonomy for knowledge-based innovation as we transition from the material industries (e.g., textiles, plastic, cement, glass) dominant in the 20th century to the anticipated knowledge industry of the 21st century. If knowledge is the currency of the present century, then it is sensible to adopt an approach that thoroughly examines scientific knowledge, starting with the production aims, methods, quality, distribution, access, and the ends it purports to serve. Second, we explain that this knowledge trajectory focus on innovation is crucial and applicable across all sectors, including public, private, or public–private partnerships, as it underscores the fact that scientific knowledge is a co-product of technology, human values, and social systems. By making the value systems embedded in scientific design and knowledge co-production transparent, we all stand to benefit from sustainable and transparent science. Third, we appeal to the global health community to consider the necessary qualities of good governance for 21st century organizations that will embark on developing essential diagnostics. These have importance not only for science and knowledge based innovation, but also for the ways in which we can build open, healthy, and peaceful civil societies today and for future generations

Digital Signal Processing

Contains a research summary and reports on fifteen research projects.National Science Foundation FellowshipJoint Services Electronics Program (Contract DAAG29-78-C-0020)National Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-24117)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-75-C-0951)National Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-24117)Schlumberger-Doll Research Center FellowshipHertz Foundation FellowshipNational Aeronautics and Space Administration (Grant NSG-5157)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0196

Self-Consistent Thermal Accretion Disk Corona Models for Compact Objects: II. Application to Cygnus X-1

We apply our self-consistent accretion disk corona (ADC) model, with two different geometries, to the broad-band X-ray spectrum of the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1. As shown in a companion paper (Dove, Wilms, and Begelman), models where the Comptonizing medium is a slab surrounding the cold accretion disk cannot have a temperature higher than about 120 keV for optical depths greater than 0.2, resulting in spectra that are much softer than the observed 10-30 keV spectrum of Cyg X-1. In addition, the slab geometry models predict a substantial ``soft excess'' at low energies, a feature not observed for Cyg X-1, and Fe K\alpha fluorescence lines that are stronger than observed. Previous Comptonization models in the literature invoke a slab geometry with the optical depth \tau_T \gta 0.3 and the coronal temperature T_c \sim 150 keV, but they are not self-consistent. Therefore, ADC models with a slab geometry are not appropriate for explaining the X-ray spectrum of Cyg X-1. Models with a spherical corona and an exterior disk, however, predict much higher self-consistent coronal temperatures than the slab geometry models. The higher coronal temperatures are due to the lower amount of reprocessing of coronal radiation in the accretion disk, giving rise to a lower Compton cooling rate. Therefore, for the sphere+disk geometry, the predicted spectrum can be hard enough to describe the observed X-ray continuum of Cyg X-1 while predicting Fe fluorescence lines having an equivalent width of \sim 40 eV. Our best-fit parameter values for the sphere+disk geometry are \tau_T \approx 1.5 and T_c \approx 90 keV.Comment: 13 pages, Latex, 10 .eps figures, uses emulateapj.sty. To be published in ApJ, October 1, 1997, Vol. 48

Digital Signal Processing

Contains summary of research and reports on sixteen research projects.U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-75-C-0852)National Science Foundation FellowshipNATO FellowshipU.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-75-C-0951)National Science Foundation (Grant ECS79-15226)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0257)Bell LaboratoriesNational Science Foundation (Grant ECS80-07102)Schlumberger-Doll Research Center FellowshipHertz Foundation FellowshipGovernment of Pakistan ScholarshipU.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0196)U.S. Air Force (Contract F19628-81-C-0002)Hughes Aircraft Company Fellowshi

Digital Signal Processing

Contains research objectives and reports on sixteen research projects.U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-75-C-0852)National Science Foundation FellowshipNational Science Foundation (Grant ENG76-24117)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0257)U.S. Air Force (Contract F19628-80-C-0002)U.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-75-C-0951)Schlumberger-Doll Research Center FellowshipHertz Foundation FellowshipGovernment of Pakistan ScholarshipU.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research (Contract N00014-77-C-0196