Interdisciplinaridade na Educação Profissional e Tecnológica: uma visão panorâmica das pesquisas desenvolvidas no âmbito da Pós-Graduação Stricto-sensu no Brasil

O projeto de formação humana integral inicia-se com o rompimento da dualidade entre teoria e prática, que ocorre pelo Ensino, com a quebra das barreiras disciplinares; pela Pesquisa, na busca do contato com novos saberes; e pela Extensão, quando todo o conhecimento compartilhado fica a serviço do bem comum. Por intermédio de uma busca na base de dados da Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, o Mapeamento Sistemático de Literatura pretende mostrar uma visão geral sobre a temática Interdisciplinaridade nos diferentes Programas de Pós Graduação à ní­vel de Mestrado e Doutorado fornecendo indicadores para auxiliar estudos primários interconectando a prática interdisciplinar com os objetivos a serem alcançados pela Educação Profissional e Tecnológica no Brasil

High anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroconversion rates before the second wave in Manaus, Brazil, and the protective effect of social behaviour measures: results from the prospective DETECTCoV-19 cohort

Background: The city of Manaus, Brazil, has seen two collapses of the health system due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We report anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibody seroconversion rates and associated risk factors in Manaus residents before the second wave of the epidemic in Brazil. Methods: A convenience sample of adult (aged ≥18 years) residents of Manaus was recruited through online and university website advertising into the DETECTCoV-19 study cohort. The current analysis of seroconversion included a subgroup of DETECTCoV-19 participants who had at least two serum sample collections separated by at least 4 weeks between Aug 19 and Oct 2, 2020 (visit 1), and Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020 (visit 2). Those who reported (or had no data on) having a COVID-19 diagnosis before visit 1, and who were positive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at visit 1 were excluded. Using an in-house ELISA, the reactivity index (RI; calculated as the optical density ratio of the sample to the negative control) for serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies was measured at both visits. We calculated the incidence of seroconversion (defined as RI values ≤1·5 at visit 1 and ≥1·5 at visit 2, and a ratio >2 between the visit 2 and visit 1 RI values) during the study period, as well as incidence rate ratios (IRRs) through cluster-corrected and adjusted Poisson regression models to analyse associations between seroconversion and variables related to sociodemographic characteristics, health access, comorbidities, COVID-19 exposure, protective behaviours, and symptoms. Findings: 2496 DETECTCoV-19 cohort participants returned for a follow-up visit between Oct 19 and Nov 27, 2020, of whom 204 reported having COVID-19 before the first visit and 24 had no data regarding previous disease status. 559 participants were seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid IgG antibodies at baseline. Of the remaining 1709 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 71 did not meet the criteria for seroconversion and were excluded from the analyses. Among the remaining 1638 participants who were seronegative at baseline, 214 showed seroconversion at visit 2. The seroconversion incidence was 13·06% (95% CI 11·52–14·79) overall and 6·78% (5·61–8·10) for symptomatic seroconversion, over a median follow-up period of 57 days (IQR 54–61). 48·1% of seroconversion events were estimated to be asymptomatic. The sample had higher proportions of affluent and higher-educated people than those reported for the Manaus city population. In the fully adjusted and corrected model, risk factors for seroconversion before visit 2 were having a COVID-19 case in the household (IRR 1·49 [95% CI 1·21–1·83]), not wearing a mask during contact with a person with COVID-19 (1·25 [1·09–1·45]), relaxation of physical distancing (1·31 [1·05–1·64]), and having flu-like symptoms (1·79 [1·23–2·59]) or a COVID-19 diagnosis (3·57 [2·27–5·63]) between the first and second visits, whereas working remotely was associated with lower incidence (0·74 [0·56–0·97]). Interpretation: An intense infection transmission period preceded the second wave of COVID-19 in Manaus. Several modifiable behaviours increased the risk of seroconversion, including non-compliance with non-pharmaceutical interventions measures such as not wearing a mask during contact, relaxation of protective measures, and non-remote working. Increased testing in high-transmission areas is needed to provide timely information about ongoing transmission and aid appropriate implementation of transmission mitigation measures. Funding: Ministry of Education, Brazil; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas; Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)/WHO.World Health OrganizationRevisión por pare

A saúde do trabalhador no contato com os metais

A sociedade humana atual, altamente industrializada, utiliza artigos obtidos através da manipulação de diversos metais. O contato com esses metais pode acarretar agravos à saúde. O níquel é utilizado especialmente na metalurgia e galvanização. A intoxicação pelos compostos de níquel desencadeia quadros variados, incluindo dermatite, carcinomas, pneumonia e necrose hepática..

Bioaccessibility and Gut Metabolism of Free and Melanoidin-Bound Phenolic Compounds From Coffee and Bread

The aim of this study is to investigate the bioaccessibility and gut metabolism of free and melanoidin-bound phenolic compounds from coffee and bread. Phenolics from coffee were predominantly found in free forms (68%, mainly chlorogenic acids), whereas those from bread were mostly bound to melanoidins (61%, mainly ferulic acid). Bioacessibility of coffee total free phenolics slightly decreased during simulated digestion (87, 86, and 82% after the oral, gastric, and intestinal steps, respectively), with caffeoylquinic acids being isomerized and chlorogenic acids being partially hydrolyzed to the corresponding hydroxycinnamic acids. Bioacessibility of bread total free phenolics decreased during simulated digestion (91, 85, and 67% after the oral, gastric, and intestinal steps, respectively), probably related to complexation with the proteins in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids. Upon gut fermentation, the bioaccessibility of total free phenolics from both coffee and bread decreased, mainly after the first 4 h (56 and 50%, respectively). Caffeic and ferulic acids were the predominant metabolites found during coffee and bread gut fermentation, respectively. Melanoidin-bound phenolics from coffee and bread were progressively released after the gastric and intestinal steps, probably due to hydrolysis caused by the acidic conditions of the stomach and the action of pancreatin from the intestinal fluid. The bioaccessibilities of all phenolics from coffee and bread melanoidins after the gastric and intestinal steps were, on average, 11 and 26%, respectively. During gut fermentation, phenolics bound to both coffee and bread melanoidins were further released by the gut microbiota, whereas those from coffee were also metabolized. This difference could be related to the action of proteases on melanoproteins during gastrointestinal digestion, probably anticipating phenolics release. Nevertheless, bioaccessibilities of melanoidin-bound phenolics reached maximum values after gut fermentation for 24 h (50% for coffee and 51% for bread). In conclusion, the bioaccessibilities of coffee and bread free phenolics during simulated digestion and gut fermentation were remarkably similar, and so were the bioaccessibilities of coffee and bread melanoidin-bound phenolics

Betanin, a Natural Food Additive: Stability, Bioavailability, Antioxidant and Preservative Ability Assessments

Betanin is the only betalain approved for use in food and pharmaceutical products as a natural red colorant. However, the antioxidant power and health-promoting properties of this pigment have been disregarded, perhaps due to the difficulty in obtaining a stable chemical compound, which impairs its absorption and metabolism evaluation. Herein, betanin was purified by semi-preparative HPLC-LC/MS and identified by LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS as the pseudomolecular ion m/z 551.16. Betanin showed significant stability up to −30 °C and mild stability at chilling temperature. The stability and antioxidant ability of this compound were assessed during a human digestion simulation and ex vivo colon fermentation. Half of the betanin amount was recovered in the small intestine digestive fluid and no traces were found after colon fermentation. Betanin high antioxidant ability was retained even after simulated small intestine digestion. Betanin, besides displaying an inherent colorant capacity, was equally effective as a natural antioxidant displaying peroxy-radical scavenger ability in pork meat. Betanin should be considered a multi-functional molecule able to confer an attractive color to frozen or refrigerated foods, but with the capacity to avoid lipid oxidation, thereby preserving food quality. Long-term supplementation by beetroot, a rich source of betanin, should be stimulated to protect organisms against oxidative stress

Recovery of Antimicrobials and Bioaccessible Isoflavones and Phenolics from Soybean (Glycine max) Meal by Aqueous Extraction

Soybeans display strategic potential in food security as a source of protein and functional bioactives for human consumption. Polyphenols and other bioactive compounds can be recovered after an aqueous extraction from soybean meal, a byproduct of soy oil refining. The objective of the present study was to compile and quantify compounds from soybean oil refinery by-products, providing information about valuable bioactive phytochemicals, their bioaccessibility and potential bioactivities. Genistin, daidzin, glycitin and malonylgenistin were the predominant isoflavones, and the overall bioaccessibility of their glycosidic forms was of nearly 75%. Sixteen phenolics were identified and caffeic acid, 5-caffeoylquinic chlorogenic acid and hesperidin were the most predominant. Approximately 30% of gallic acid, syringic acid, vanillic acid and myricetin were released and the antioxidant capacity of aqueous extract was enhanced after simulated in vitro gastro intestinal digestion. The ability of aqueous soybean meal extract to inhibit lipid peroxidation was higher than natural and synthetic food antioxidants. Antimicrobial activity against several foodborne pathogens and antitumoral activity towards human glioblastoma cell line were also observed, but the aqueous extract showed no cytotoxicity to healthy murine cells. Compounds derived from the aqueous soybean meal extract have the potential to be used as health promoting agents

<b>Strategies to increase cellulase production with submerged fermentation using fungi isolated from the Brazilian biome

Studies on new microbial sources of cellulase and accurate assessment of the steps that increase cellulase production are essential strategies to reduce costs of various processes using such enzymes. This study aimed at the selection of cellulase-producing filamentous fungi, and at the research of parameters involving cellulase production by submerged fermentation. The first test consisted of selecting the best cellulase-producing microorganisms (FPase) in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 200 mL of specific growth medium. The next test was designed to further investigate the enzyme production in fermentation with four types of soluble sugars: glucose, lactose, sucrose and xylose. In bioreactor tests, three different inoculation strategies were analyzed. The best FPase activity was presented by the strain Trichoderma sp. CMIAT 041 (49.9 FPU L-1) and CMCase by the fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae CMIAT 096 (350.0 U L-1). Sucrose proved to be the best option among the soluble sugars tested, with higher rates of FPase activity (49.9 FPU L-1) and CMCase (119.7 U L-1). The best inoculation strategy for the bioreactor was a spore suspension obtained from a semi-solid state fermentation of wheat bran for 72h