Thermo-mechanical processing of sugar beet pulp. III. Study of extruded films improvement with various plasticizers and cross-linkers

Thermoplastic sugar beet pulp (thermo-mechanical processing was discussed in previous studies) was formed into film strips by extrusion. Film tensile properties are discussed according to the molecular structure of external plasticizer. Sorbitol, fructose and adipic acid have a marked antiplasticizing effect, while urea and xylitol gave higher ultimate tensile stress than glycerol for a comparable strain at break. Xylitol can be considered as the best plasticizer with UTS and EL of, respectively, 4.9 MPa and 11.3% and water absorption (85%RH, 25°C) was less than 25%. Glycidyl methacrylate was directly used in the extrusion process as cross-linker. In high humidity atmosphere (97%RH, 25°C), film water absorption was then kept under 40% while the tensile properties were improved of 50% and with a 30 minute UV post-treatment the mass gain in absorption was even less than 30% after 5 days

Le processus de structuration de la pratique de première ligne des médecins généralistes : une étude qualitative sur le caractère contraignant et habilitant des modes d'organisation

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal

L'évolution du cadre juridique relatif à la violence sexuelle commise à l'égard des femmes en droit international pénal

Dans ce texte sera abordée l’évolution du cadre juridique relatif à la violence sexuelle commise à l’égard des femmes en droit international pénal. Une analyse juridique, adoptant une approche historique et féministe, sera développée à l’égard du traitement de la violence sexuelle commise à l’égard des femmes par les tribunaux pénaux internationaux suivants : le Tribunal militaire international de Nuremberg, le Tribunal militaire international de Tokyo, le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie, le Tribunal pénal international pour le Rwanda ainsi que la Cour pénale internationale. Le développement du droit international humanitaire et du droit international des droits de la personne, à la suite de la Deuxième Guerre Mondiale, sera également analysé à cet égard. Il sera exposé que la violence sexuelle commise à l’égard des femmes a fait l’objet d’un silence historique, en droit international pénal, qui a persisté jusqu’à l’élaboration du Statut de Rome de la Cour pénale internationale. Ce dernier Statut est synonyme d’une évolution normative marquante, bien que plusieurs obstacles et défis soient encore à relever.In this text, the evolution of the legal framework relating to sexual violence against women in international criminal law will be discussed. A legal analysis adopting an historic and a feminist approach will be developed relating to the issue of sexual violence against women addressed by the following international criminal tribunals: International Military Tribunal of Nuremberg, International Military Tribunal of Tokyo, International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Criminal Court. The development of international humanitarian law and international human rights law after the Second World War will be also examined in this regard. It will be explained that sexual violence against women, in international criminal law, has been subjected to an historic silence, which persisted until the elaboration of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. This Statute stands as a significant normative development even though obstacles and challenges still remain and need to be addressed

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL FORCE-VELOCITY PROFILE AND VERTICAL STRENGTH IN FEMALE ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS

The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the horizontal force-velocity (HFV) profiles of female collegiate ice hockey players and compare these to metrics of muscular strength. The secondary purpose of this study was to categorize strength metrics using reduction analyses to improve the interpretation and application of these results and that of future studies. Thirteen female ice hockey players (body mass = 66.7±18.0 kg; height = 171.6±6.2 cm) completed three 50-meter on-ice sprints. Instantaneous velocity was measured using a radar gun in which participant HFV profile metrics (maximal velocity, tau, force-velocity slope, maximum theoretical force, ratio decrease force) were derived. Forty-eight hours later, participants completed four strength tests (drop jump, countermovement jump, loaded countermovement jump, and isometric squat) measured using a dual force plate resulting in 64 metrics of strength. A stepwise regression was employed to assess the associations between strength and HFV profile metrics. All strength metrics were entered into a principal component analysis (PCA) to support the interpretation of the results. There were no significant associations between strength and HFV profile metrics. The PCA identified four clusters of strength metrics that were considered distinct strength properties in this population. This study presents a robust method for evaluating skating HFV profiles and strength metrics in ice hockey players and should be used in future studies to contribute to this body of literature

Perception du risque et prise de risque chez les adeptes de planche à roulettes : approche sociale cognitive et recherche impulsive de sensations

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Procédé d'élaboration d'agromatériau composite naturel par extrusion bivis et injection moulage de tourteau de tournesol

Le tourteau de tournesol est le résidu d'extraction d'huile de la graine. Il est un véritable composite naturel dont la matrice, essentiellement protéique, représente environ 35% de sa masse. Les fibres lignocellulosiques de la coque représentent majoritairement les charges. La viscosité de la matrice est diminuée par l'extrusion bivis en conditions modérées (profil avec une zone de malaxage et une zone de contrainte, 100°C, hydratation à 30%) et des formulations (glycérol, sulfite). Le tourteau, formulé ou non, se moule par thermopressage (10min, 160°C, 100bars) ou par injection moulage (110 à 120°C, taux de compression 1,8 à 2,0, moule à 60°C). Les vis de plastification et les moules doivent être adaptés au moulage d'agromatériaux. Des additifs (glycérol, urée, sulfite, acides gallique et octanoïque) et des post-traitements (cuisson, huile siccative) améliorent les résistances mécaniques et vis-à-vis de l'eau des objets injectés. Au début du procédé, les protéines ont un comportement thermoplastique et deviennent thermodurcissables dès que leurs réseaux natifs se sont profondément restructurés. ABSTRACT : Sunflower cake is the residue of the seed oil extraction. It is a real natural composite. Its proteic matrix contains about 35% by weight. Lignocellulosic fibers from husk are the filler. Twin-screw extrusion under moderate conditions (profile with one mixing zone and one stress zone, 100°C, water content of 30%) and amount of additives (glycerol, sulphite) decrease the matrix viscosity. Sunflower cake, with or without additives, is made by compression moulding (10min, 160°C, 100bars) or by injection moulding (110 à 120°C, compression ratio from 1,8 to 2,0, mould temperature at 60°C). Plasticating screw and moulds need to be adapted for agromaterials moulding. Additives (glycerol, urea, suphite, gallic and octanoïc acids) and post-treatments (thermal treatment at 200°C, siccative oil) improve mechanical strenght and water resistance of injected pieces. During the first process steps proteins have a themoplastic behaviour, and when their native supramolecular structure is reoganized by thermo-mechanical and chemical treatments they take a thermoset behaviour

Assessing research activity on priority interventions for non-communicable disease prevention in low- and middle-income countries : a bibliometric analysis

Introduction: Action is urgently needed to curb the rising rates of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) and reduce the resulting social and economic burdens. There is global evidence about the most cost-effective interventions for addressing the main NCD risk factors such as tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and alcohol misuse. However, it is unknown how much research is focused on informing the local adoption and implementation of these interventions. Objective: To assess the degree of research activity on NCD priority interventions in LMICs by using bibliometric analysis to quantify the number of relevant peer-reviewed scientific publications. Methods: A multidisciplinary, multi-lingual journal database was searched for articles on NCD priority interventions. The interventions examined emphasise population-wide, policy, regulation, and legislation approaches. The publication timeframe searched was the year 2000_2011. Of the 11,211 articles yielded, 525 met the inclusion criteria. Results: Over the 12-year period, the number of articles published increased overall but differed substantially between regions: Latin America & Caribbean had the highest (127) and Middle East & North Africa had the lowest (11). Of the risk factor groups, ‘tobacco control’ led in publications, with ‘healthy diets and physical activity’ and ‘reducing harmful alcohol use’ in second and third place. Though half the publications had a first author from a high-income country institutional affiliation, developing country authorship had increased in recent years. Conclusions: While rising global attention to NCDs has likely produced an increase in peer-reviewed publications on NCDs in LMICs, publication rates directly related to cost-effective interventions are still very low, suggesting either limited local research activity or limited opportunities for LMIC researchers to publish on these issues. More research is needed on high-priority interventions and research funders should re-examine if intervention research is enough of a funding priority

Risk perception and risk-taking among skateboarders

International audienceSkateboarding is considered to be a high risk activity. Although many studies have identified risk factors associated with skateboarding injuries, few have provided detailed in-depth knowledge on participants' psychological dispositions towards risk behaviors. The aim of this study was to identify individual factors associated with risk perception and risk-taking among skateboarders. Telephone interviews were conducted with 158 skateboarders (mean age = 18.1 years) recruited in 11 Montreal skateparks. Age, self-efficacy, previous injuries, fear of being injured, sensation seeking and experience level were all included in two linear regression models that were run for risk perception and risk-taking. Age, experience level, sensation seeking, and risk perception are significant explanatory variables of risk-taking. Results show that sensation seeking was the only significant factor associated with risk perception. These results allow for a better understanding of the behavior of skateboarders, they highlight the importance of impulsive sensation seeking in risk perception as well as risk-taking. This study characterizes skateboarders who take risks and provides additional information on interventions for injury prevention