Zeolitas naturales colombianas de la formación Combia, municipio de La Pintada: mineralogía, caracterización y aplicaciones

Zeolitas naturales presentes en rocas andesiticas de la formación Combia, municipio de la Pintada, departamento de Antioquia, fueron recolectadas. El material recolectado fue sometido a un proceso de caracterización mineralógica mediante diferentes técnicas a fin de establecer los tipos de fases presentes y el tenor aproximado de las zeolitas; se estableció que la heulandita es la fase zeolitica predominante en las muestras, con concentración cercana al 9% en peso. Posteriormente un proceso de concentración, usando líquidos densos para la separación fue realizado; el material obtenido fue caracterizado a fin de conocer las principales propiedades fisicoquímicas que permitan establecer posibles aplicaciones del mismo en procesos catalíticos de interés para la sociedad actual. La cantidad de hierro presente en el mineral concentrado, propiedades acido/base y redox dejan ver el posible potencial de este material como catalizador/precursor catalítico en reacciones de interés como los procesos de oxidación avanzada de fases orgánicas (Tipo Fenton Like), reducción de óxidos de nitrógeno (NOx) de gases de combustión y transformaciones en la industria petroquímica. El concentrado de zeolita fue utilizado en su forma natural, intercambiada (H-Zeo y Co-Zeo) o bajo algún tratamiento adicional en las reacciones de reducción catalítica selectiva de NO con amoniaco o metano (hasta 98% de conversión a 500°C) y en la síntesis de compuestos oxigenados a partir de metano y dióxido de carbono, proceso realizado mediante activación no convencional, usando plasma de descarga de barrera dieléctrica para tal fin. Alcanzando transformaciones del carbono de la fase gas a la fase liquida hasta del 50% (p/p).Abstract: Natural zeolites present in andesitic rocks from the Combia formation, municipality of La Pintada, Antioquia department, were collected. The rocks were characterized by different techniques in order to establish the types of phases present and the approximate amount of zeolites; it was established that heulandite is the predominant phase zeolite in the samples with a concentration value close to 9% in weight. Subsequently a concentration process using dense fluid was performed. The obtained material was characterized in order to know the main physicochemical properties. Those properties would establish the possible applications in relevant catalytic processes of our present society. The amount of iron present in the concentrate, acid / base and redox properties reveal the potential of this material as a catalyst / catalytic precursor in reactions of current interest such as: advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) of organic phases (Fenton type), reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from flue gas and reactions in the petrochemical industry. The concentrate zeolite was used in its natural form, exchanged (H, and Co) or under some additional treatment, in two reactions. Selective catalytic reduction of NO with ammonia or methane (up to 98% conversion at 500 ° C) and the synthesis of oxygenates from methane and carbon dioxide, a process performed by unconventional activation using non thermal plasma (dielectric barrier discharge) for this purpose. Achieving transformations of carbon from the gas phase to the liquid phase up to 50% (w / w).Doctorad

Comportamiento de las arcillas del área metropolitana de Cúcuta sometidas a proceso de moldeo por extrusión.

Se presenta el comportamiento de materiales arcillosos ubicados en la zona Metropolitana de San José de Cúcuta, cuando son sometidos al proceso de conformado por extrusión. La investigación se llevó a cabo, utilizando muestras extraídas de las formaciones geológicas León (municipio Cúcuta) y Guayabo (municipio de El Zulia y Los Patios). Se estudió el efecto de las materias primas (contenido de arena y tamaño de partícula) sobre el proceso de moldeo, determinando el índice de plasticidad, porcentaje de absorción de agua y la resistencia a la flexión. Las dimensiones de las probetas en verde fueron: largo 4cm, ancho 4 cm y alto 1 cm. El proceso de secado, se llevo a cabo usando estufa de circulación forzada durante 24 horas a 110 °C, mientras que la cocción se realizó a través de horno eléctrico a una temperatura máxima de 1000 °C por 6 horas. Se encontró, que el porcentaje de arcilla presente en las muestras de las dos formaciones geológicas es similar (~61%), mientras que la concentración de arena y limos variaron considerablemente según la formación geológica (Guayabo y León). El índice de plasticidad (IP) para las muestras, reportó un valor promedio de 24,5 % para la formación Guayabo, y 29.5% para la León.La resistencia a la flexión y el porcentaje de absorción de agua no presentó variación significativa. Lo ensayos realizados a las mezclas con variación de material arenoso permitió establecer que los rangos más adecuados para la formulación de las pastas cerámicas usando arcillas del área Metropolitana de San José de Cúcuta, deben estar en: la fracción arenosa entre 20 y 27%, 23 y 28% para la fracción de limos y entre 47 y 58% para la fracción arcillosa; el índice de plasticidad debe estar cercano al 22%. Las formulaciones establecidas en estos rangos permiten obtener buenas velocidades de extrusión, consumos energéticos adecuados y una buena calidad del producto fabricado.Palabras clave: Plasticidad, compactación, tamaño de partícula, moldeo, extrusió

Mineralogical characterization of zeolites present on basaltic rocks from Combia geological formation, La Pintada (Colombia)

The present study report the presence of natural zeolites, which were found in the andesitic basalts from the Combia geological formation, municipality of La Pintada, Antioquia department (Colombia). The collected samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with detector X-ray energy dispersive (SEM/EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). The results shown the presence of an associated zeolites heulandite group with predominance of heulandite phase rich in calcium and potassium, with prevalence of platy habit and in a lesser extent the habit coffin type, tabular and block were also evidenced. The presence of chabazite, phillipsite and mordenite, were evidenced as minority zeolites phases. Based on the zeolites properties, the phases founded in Combia formation could be an interest materials for technological applications in areas such agriculture, catalysis or gas separation applications. Especially in Colombia this kind of mineral can be important because much of the current consumption is imported from other territories

Influencia de las materias primas y de la técnica de moldeo en la fabricación de productos cerámicos tipo gres

Se empleó material arcilloso y caliza proveniente de minas cercanas a la zona metropolitana de Cúcuta, así como el material de rotura después del proceso de cocción de productos cerámicos (chamota) para la conformación de probetas de baldosas cerámicas mediante las técnicas de extrusión y prensado. Una vez realizado el proceso cerámico (con temperaturas de cocción entre 1050°C y 1250°C), se evaluó el efecto de las diferentes mezclas preparadas sobre las propiedades tecnológicas de resistencia mecánica a la flexión, abrasión profunda y porcenta­je de absorción de agua de acuerdo a la norma técnica colombiana. Los productos cocidos fueron caracterizados mediante difracción de rayos X, fluorescencia de rayos X y microscopía electrónica de barrido a fin de evidenciar efectos causados por las materias primas y el tipo de moldeo empleado. Los resultados obtenidos dejan ver la existencia de un efecto de la composición mineralógica de las muestras y de la técnica de conformado sobre la propiedades tecnológicas analizadas al momento de elaborar cerámicos gresificados. Se evidenció que para las mezclas de materias primas utilizadas, la técnica de extrusión permite una más rápida formación de fase vítrea y contribuye a una recristalización más rápida en altas temperaturas. Los mejores valores para las propiedades tecnológicas analizadas fueron encontrados en la temperatura de 1150°C.Clay-rich materials and limestone from mines close to the metropolitan area of Cucuta together with materials obtained after firing process of ceramic products (chamotte) were used to form samples of ceramic tiles using extrusion and pressing. Once the ceramic process was finished (with firing temperatures between 1050 °C and 1250 °C), the effect of different ceramic pastes on technological characteristics, such as mechanical resistance to flexion, deep abrasion and percentage of water absorption, was evaluated according to the Colombian technical standard. Samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy to identify effects caused by presence of raw materials and the type of molding used. The results show that mineralogical composition and forming technique have an impact on the technological properties of the resulting material. Also it can be seen that for mixtures of raw materials employed in the study, the extrusion technique allows faster glassy phase formation, however this molding technique could be one of the reason for faster recrystallization at high temperatures. The best values for the technological properties were found at temperature of 1150 °C

Technological innovation of the footwear sector companies in Cucuta and its metropolitan area

The objective of this research was to analyze the technological innovation of footwear companies in Cúcuta and its metropolitan area. A sample of 32 companies that are currently working (legal character) was selected. For the analysis of the technological innovation of the footwear sector companies, an information gathering instrument was applied where they were asked about the different organizational aspects, their technological innovation capabilities and innovation processes. In the dimension of innovation capacity, the level of human talent training, the orientation of human talent towards innovation, the financial liquidity for investment of R & D projects and the activities of collaboration and interaction with other organizations were addressed. In the innovation processes, the companies evaluated the development of new products, participation in technological innovation projects in process, participation in projects of technological innovation in product and existence of a Department of R+D+i. In the analysis, it was identified that companies in the footwear sector must strengthen their skills in human talent training and implement a culture of innovation within the organization that allows them to strengthen their innovation

Unburned bodies of mineral carbon coming from Colmena kilns placed in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta, Colombia: Possibilities of reuse

In this work residues from the combustion process of the mineral coal used to generate energy in the kilns of the ceramic industry in the metropolitan area of San José de Cúcuta were collected and characterized. The material collected was subjected to grain size reduction and characterized by gravimetric thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, microstructural analysis by X ray diffraction and chemical composition from X-ray fluorescence. The results obtained show that the unburned bodies coming from Colmena kilns (which are currently discarded) still have a very high concentration of organic phase that can provide energy to the ceramic process through combustion, if they are subjected to firing temperatures above 650 °C. On the other hand, the characterization obtained shows that chemically these unburned bodies are rich in inorganic elements such as silicon, aluminum and calcium, which are present in the material as amorphous (91.9% w/w) and crystalline phase (8.1% w/w), with quartz and mullite as relevant crystalline phases. It was established that this waste can be used as a substitute of clay materials in the manufacture of construction ceramics

Consumption of energy in the manufacturing of ceramic bricks in the metropolitan area of Cúcuta, Colombia

This research determined the consumption of electrical and thermal energy in the manufacturing of ceramic bricks in the metropolitan area of Cúcuta, city located in Colombia, South America. Three bricks manufacturers were selected using extrusion forming technology, artificial drying and tunnel kiln firing in their production system. An inventory of equipment that consumes electrical energy in industrial facilities was made, quantifying the power consumed and relating it to the monthly work hours. In order to estimate the thermal energy demand generated by the coal supplied in the drying and firing stages, we worked under the regime of stationary operation, measuring the mass of coal dosed in the drying and firing cycle, keeping the pressure variables stable and the temperature. We know that by cogeneration, part of the combustion gases of the furnace, are provided as a flow of hot air to the artificial dryer. The demand for electrical energy in the process was 42000kWh/month; while the thermal energy consumption was 998010kWh/month; and the monthly global energy consumption was 1040010kWh. It was concluded that the distribution of consumption was 96% of thermal energy and only 4% is electrical energy; the stages of firing and drying being those of greater energy expenditure