137 research outputs found

    Does bariatric surgery cure the metabolic syndrome?

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    Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a risk condition for the development of systemic atherosclerotic disease. Morbid obesity is a state of insulin resistance (IR) associated with visceral fat accumulation, which is involved in the development of MS. In severe obesity, conservative therapies promote an improvement of MS, but weight regain is frequent, whereas bariatric surgery promotes a more significant and sustained weight loss. Bariatric surgery is recommended for patients with unsatisfactory response to clinical treatment and with IMC > 40 kg/m² or > 35 in case of co-morbidities. In those cases, surgical risk must be acceptable and patients submitted to surgery must be informed about complications and postoperative care. Prevention, improvement and reversion of diabetes (DM2) (70 to 90% of cases) are seen in several bariatric surgery modalities. Disabsorptive are more efficient than restrictive procedures in terms of weight reduction and insulin sensitivity improvement, but chronic complications, such as malnutrition, are also more frequent. Vertical gastroplasty with jejunoileal derivation is a mixed surgery in which the restrictive component predominates. In this modality, reversion of DM2 is due to an increase in insulin sensitivity associated with improved beta cell function. Reversion of MS and its manifestations after bariatric surgery are associated with reduction of cardiovascular mortality and, thus, in severe obesity cases, MS can be considered a surgical condition.A síndrome metabólica (SM) é uma condição de risco para o desenvolvimento de doença aterosclerótica sistêmica. A obesidade mórbida é um estado de resistência à insulina associado a excesso de gordura visceral, condições que contribuem para o desenvolvimento da SM. Na obesidade grave, os tratamentos conservadores promovem melhora da SM, mas a recuperação do peso é freqüente, enquanto a cirurgia bariátrica promove perda mais significativa e sustentada de peso. Esta é recomendada a pacientes com resposta insatisfatória ao tratamento clínico e com IMC > 40 kg/m², ou > 35 nos casos de co-morbidades passíveis de reversão com o emagrecimento. Recomenda-se que risco cirúrgico seja aceitável e que os pacientes submetidos à cirurgia tenham conhecimento das complicações e saibam dos cuidados pós-operatórios. Prevenção, melhora e reversão do diabetes (DM2) (entre 70 e 90% dos casos) são observados nas diversas modalidades cirúrgicas bariátricas. Os procedimentos disabsortivos são mais eficazes que os restritivos na redução do peso e na melhora da sensibilidade à insulina, mas as complicações crônicas, em especial a desnutrição, são também mais freqüentes. A gastroplastia vertical com derivação jejuno-ileal é conhecida como mista com predominância do componente restritivo sobre o disabsortivo. Nesta modalidade, reversão do DM2 deve-se a um aumento da sensibilidade à insulina associado a uma melhora da função de célula beta. A reversão da SM e de suas manifestações pós-cirurgia bariátrica associa-se à redução da mortalidade cardiovascular e, assim, nos casos graves de obesidade, a SM pode ser considerada uma condição cirúrgica.40040

    Laboratorial evaluation and diagnosis of insulin resistance

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    Due to the association between insulin resistance (IR) and atherosclerosis, there is an interest in the development of techniques to evaluate insulin sensitivity (IS) in vivo. Fasting blood glucose, easy to use in study populations, has been used to evaluate IS and supplies a good evaluation of hepatic sensitivity, but not muscular sensitivity to insulin. HOMA is a mathematical model that predicts IS simply by measuring insulinemia and fasting blood glucose and shows good correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, considered a gold standard in the measurement of IS. Thus, it has been shown a valuable alternative to the most sophisticated and difficult techniques in the evaluation of IR in humans. In our population, the cut value for the diagnosis of IR is Homa-IR higher than 2,71. QUICKI is another simple method, also based in the measurements of insulinemia and fasting blood glucose, that have good correlations with the metabolic syndrome markers, being able to discriminate satisfactorily different states of IR, in patients with different degrees of obesity and glucose tolerance. Direct methods of IS evaluation include insulin tolerance test (K ITT), insulin suppression test and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique that are described in this article. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique supplies the best and purest information on the insulin action. Costs involved in its procedure, however, limit its use.Em virtude da associação entre resistência à insulina (RI) e aterosclerose, existe interesse no desenvolvimento de técnicas para se avaliar a sensibilidade à insulina (SI) in vivo. Por ser uma medida de fácil utilização em grandes populações, a insulinemia de jejum tem sido usada para avaliar a SI e fornece uma boa avaliação da sensibilidade hepática, embora não da muscular. O HOMA é um modelo matemático que prediz a SI pelas simples medidas da glicemia e da insulina no jejum e tem boa correlação com o método do clamp euglicêmico hiperinsulinêmico, considerado padrão-ouro na medida da SI. Assim, mostra-se como valiosa alternativa às técnicas mais sofisticadas e trabalhosas na avaliação da RI em humanos, como o método descrito por Bergman. Em nosso meio, encontramos o valor de corte para o diagnóstico da RI quando o Homa-IR for maior que 2,71. O QUICKI é outro método simples, baseado também nas medidas da glicemia e da insulina no jejum, que apresenta boas correlações com marcadores da síndrome metabólica, conseguindo discriminar satisfatoriamente diferentes estados de RI, como graus de obesidade e tolerância à glicose. Métodos diretos de avaliação da SI incluem o teste de tolerância à insulina (K ITT), o teste de supressão de insulina e as técnicas de clamp hiperglicêmico e euglicêmico que são descritas neste artigo. A técnica do clamp euglicêmico e hiperinsulinêmico fornece a mais pura e reprodutível informação sobre a ação da insulina. Os custos envolvidos na sua realização, entretanto, limitam o seu uso.20821

    Níveis séricos da proteína carreadora do retinol 4 em mulheres com diferentes níveis de adiposidade e tolerância à glicose

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    Objective Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) is an adipokine responsible for vitamin A (retinol) transportation. Studies associated RBP4 increased levels with severity of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and insulin resistance (IR). The study aimed to quantify RBP4 serum standards in women with a wide range of body mass index (BMI) and glucose tolerance level. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional study was performed with 139 women divided into three groups: Group 1 (lean-control, n = 45) and Group 2 (obese, n = 53) with normal glucose tolerance and group 3 (obese with T2DM, n = 41), called G1, G2 and G3. Were assessed clinical, biochemical, anthropometric and body composition parameters. Results According to data analysis, we obtained in G1 higher RBP4 levels (104.8 ± 76.8 ng/mL) when compared to G2 (87.9 ± 38 ng/mL) and G3 (72.2 ± 15.6 ng/mL) levels. Also, were found: in G1 positive correlations of RBP4 with BMI (r = 0.253), glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.378) and fasting insulin (r = 0.336); in G2 with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.489); in G3 with glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.330), fasting glucose (r = 0.463), HOMA-IR (r = 0.481). Conclusions Although RBP4 have shown lower levels in diabetic and obese, a strong correlation with HOMA-IR index highlights that, in our study, there is growing IR when there is an increasing in RBP4 levels587709714COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESFUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPsem informaçãoObjetivo A proteína carreadora do retinol 4 (RBP4) é uma adipocina responsável pelo transporte de vitamina A (retinol). Estudos associam os níveis aumentados de RBP4 com a gravidade do diabetes melito tipo 2 (DM2) e resistência à insulina (RI). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar como esses níveis se comportam em mulheres com ampla variação do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e tolerância à glicose. Sujeitos e métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 139 mulheres, divididas em três grupos: Grupo 1 (controles-magras; n = 45) e Grupo 2 (obesas; n = 53), com tolerância normal à glicose; Grupo 3 (obesas DM2; n = 41), denominados G1, G2 e G3. Foram avaliados parâmetros clínicos, bioquímicos, antropométricos e composição corporal. Resultados De acordo com a análise dos dados, obtivemos em G1 maiores níveis de RBP4 (104,8 ± 76,8 ng/mL) em comparação ao G2 (87,9 ± 38 ng/mL) e G3 (72,2 ± 15,6 ng/mL). Também foram encontradas correlações positivas entre RBP4 e IMC (r = 0,253), hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,378) e insulinemia de jejum (r = 0,336); em G2 com hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,489); G3 com hemoglobina glicada (r = 0,330), insulinemia de jejum (r = 0,463) e HOMA-IR (r = 0,481). Conclusões Embora a RBP4 tenha apresentado níveis menores em pacientes diabéticas e obesas, a forte correlação com o índice HOMA-IR deixa claro que, em nosso estudo, há crescente RI quando os níveis dessa proteína também são crescente

    Relação entre as adipocinas, inflamação e reatividade vascular em controles magros e pacientes obesos com síndrome metabólica

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    PURPOSE: Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Adipokines interfere with insulin action and endothelial cell function. We investigated the relationship among adipokines, metabolic factors, inflammatory markers, and vascular reactivity in obese subjects with metabolic syndrome and lean controls. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 19 obese subjects with metabolic syndrome and 8 lean volunteers evaluated as controls. Vascular reactivity was assessed by venous occlusion pletysmography measuring braquial forearm blood flow (FBF) and vascular resistance (VR) responses to intra-arterial infusions of endothelium-dependent (acetylcholine-Ach) and independent (sodium nitroprusside-SNP) vasodilators. Blood samples were obtained to evaluate C reactive protein (CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1), fibrinogen, adiponectin, resistin, and lipid profile. Patients were classified with regard to insulin resistance through the HOMA-IR index. RESULTS: PAI-1, CRP and fibrinogen were higher and adiponectin was lower in metabolic syndrome subjects compared to controls. Metabolic syndrome subjects had impaired vascular reactivity. Adiponectin and PAI-1 were associated with insulin, HOMA-IR, triglycerides, and HDLc; and resistin with CRP. Adiponectin was associated with VR after Ach in the pooled group and resistin with D FBF after Ach in the metabolic syndrome group. CONCLUSION: Metabolic syndrome subjects exhibited low levels of adiponectin and high levels of CRP, fibrinogen, and PAI-1. Adiponectin and PAI-1 correlated with insulin resistance markers. Adiponectin and resistin correlated with vascular reactivity parameters. An adipocyte-endothelium interaction might be an important mechanism of inflammation and vascular dysfunction.A Síndrome Metabólica é um importante fator de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. As adipocinas interferem com a ação da insulina e com a função endotelial. OBJETIVO: Investigar a relação entre adipocinas, fatores metabólicos, marcadores inflamatórios e reatividade vascular para inferência da função endotelial em pacientes obesos e controles magros. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de 19 pacientes obesos com Síndrome Metabólica e 8 controles magros. A reatividade vascular foi avaliada pela pletismografia de oclusão venosa medindo o fluxo sangüíneo da artéria braquial e sua resistência vascular a partir de infusões intra-arteriais de vasodilatadores endotélio-dependente (acetilcolina) e endotélio-independente (nitroprussiato de sódio). Foram também avaliados no sangue a proteína C reativa (PCR), o inibidor do ativador do plasminogênio 1 (PAI-1), fibrinogênio, adiponectina, resistina e o perfil lipídico. Os pacientes foram classificados quanto à resistência insulínica pelo índice HOMA-IR. RESULTADO: PAI-1, PCR e fibrinogênio apresentaram valores mais altos e a adiponectina mais baixos para os pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica do que com os controles. Pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica apresentaram prejuízo da reatividade vascular. A adiponectina e PAI-1 estiveram associadas à insulina, HOMA-IR, triglicerídeos e HDLc; e resistina com o PCR. Adiponectina esteve associada com a resistência vascular e a resistina com o fluxo sangüíneo depois da acetilcolina em pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica. CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica exibiram baixas concentrações sangüíneas de adiponectina e altos níveis de PCR, fibrinogênio e PAI-1. Adiponectina e PAI-1 correlacionaram com os marcadores da resistência insulínica. Adiponectina e resistina correlacionaram com a reatividade vascular. A interação adipócito-endotélio vascular pode ser um importante mecanismo de inflamação e disfunção vascular

    Cranial radiotherapy predisposes to abdominal adiposity in survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

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    Background: Advances in treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia increased the likelihood of developing late treatment-associated effects, such as abdominal adiposity, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease in this population. Cranial radiotherapy is one of the factors that might be involved in this process. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of cranial radiotherapy on adiposity indexes in survivors of acute lymphocytic leukemia.Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study of 56 acute lymphocytic leukemia survivors, chronological age between 15 and 24 years, assigned into two groups according to the exposure to cranial radiotherapy (25 irradiated and 31 non-irradiated), assessed according to body fat (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), computed tomography scan-derived abdominal adipose tissue, lipid profile, and insulin resistance.Results: Cranial radiotherapy increased body fat and abdominal adipose tissue and altered lipid panel. Yet, lipids showed no clinical relevance so far. There were significantly more obese patients among those who received cranial radiotherapy (52% irradiated versus 22.6% non-irradiated), based on dual energy X-ray absorptiometry body fat measurements. Nonetheless, no association was observed between cranial radiotherapy and body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio or insulin resistance.Conclusions: Adolescent and young adult survivors of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia showed an increase in body fat and an alteration of fat distribution, which were related to cranial radiotherapy. Fat compartment modifications possibly indicate a disease of adipose tissue, and cranial radiotherapy imports in this process.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Pediat Endocrinol, Dept Pediat, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilIOP GRAACC, Pediat Oncol Inst, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Prevent & Social Med, Div Biostat, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Lab Invest Metab & Diabet LIMED, Fac Med Sci, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Diagnost Imaging, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Dept Pediat, Div Pediat Endocrinol, Fac Med Sci,UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Div Pediat Endocrinol, Dept Pediat, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Prevent & Social Med, Div Biostat, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Diagnost Imaging, UNIFESP EPM, São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 06/06162-9Web of Scienc

    Sagittal abdominal diameter as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance in an admixtured population—brazilian metabolic syndrome study (BRAMS)

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    Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD) has been proposed as a surrogate marker of insulin resistance (IR). However, the utilization of SAD requires specific validation for each ethnicity. We aimed to investigate the potential use of SAD, compared with classical anthropometrical parameters, as a surrogate marker of IR and to establish the cutoff values of SAD for screening for IR. Methods A multicenter population survey on metabolic disorders was conducted. A race-admixtured sample of 824 adult women was assessed. The anthropometric parameters included: BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio and SAD. IR was determined by a hyperglycemic clamp and the HOMA-IR index. Results After adjustments for age and total body fat mass, SAD (r = 0.23 and r = -0.70) and BMI (r = 0.20 and r = -0.71) were strongly correlated with the IR measured by the HOMA-IR index and the clamp, respectively (p < 0.001). In the ROC analysis, the optimal cutoff for SAD in women was 21.0 cm. The women with an increased SAD presented 3.2 (CI 95%: 2.1-5.0) more likelihood of having IR, assessed by the HOMA-IR index compared with those with normal SAD (p < 0.001); whereas women with elevated BMI and WC were 2.1 (95% CI: 1.4-3.3) and 2.8 (95% CI: 1.7-4.5) more likely to have IR (p < 0.001), respectively. No statistically significant results were found for waist-to-hip ratio. Conclusions SAD can be a suitable surrogate marker of IR. Understanding and applying routine and simplified methods is essential because IR is associated with an increased risk of obesity-related diseases even in the presence of normal weight, slight overweight, as well as in obesity. Further prospective analysis will need to verify SAD as a determinant of clinical outcomes, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular events, in the Brazilian population105CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ563664/2010-
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