Chromosome spreading of the (TTAGGG)n repeats in the Pipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 (Pipidae, Anura) karyotype

Pipidae is a clade of Anura that diverged relatively early from other frogs in the phylogeny of the group. Pipids have a unique combination of morphological features, some of which appear to represent a mix of adaptations to aquatic life and plesiomorphic characters of Anura. The present study describes the karyotype of Pipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937, including morphology, heterochromatin distribution, and location of the NOR site. The diploid number of P. carvalhoi is 2n=20, including three metacentric pairs (1, 4, 8), two submetacentric (2 and 7), three subtelocentric (3, 5, 6), and two telocentric pairs (9 and 10). C-banding detected centromeric blocks of heterochromatin in all chromosome pairs and the NOR detected in chromosome pair 9, as confirmed by FISH using the rDNA 28S probe. The telomeric probes indicated the presence of interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs), primarily in the centromeric region of the chromosomes, frequently associated with heterochromatin, suggesting that these repeats are a significant component of this region. The findings of the present study provide important insights for the understanding of the mechanisms of chromosomal evolution in the genus Pipa, and the diversification of the Pipidae as a whole.133297309FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESPCOORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIORCONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO2016/07717-6Sem informação309904/2015-

Chromosome evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae)

The hylid tribe Cophomantini is a diverse clade of Neotropical treefrogs composed of the genera Aplastodiscus, Boana, Bokermannohyla, Hyloscirtus, and Myersiohyla. The phylogenetic relationships of Cophomantini have been comprehensively reviewed in the literature, providing a suitable framework for the study of chromosome evolution. Employing different banding techniques, we studied the chromosomes of 25 species of Boana and 3 of Hyloscirtus; thus providing, for the first time, data for Hyloscirtus and for 15 species of Boana. Most species showed karyotypes with 2n = 2x = 24 chromosomes; some species of the B. albopunctata group have 2n = 2x = 22, and H. alytolylax has 2n = 2x = 20. Karyotypes are all bi-armed in most species presented, with the exception of H. larinopygion (FN = 46) and H. alytolylax (FN = 38), with karyotypes that have a single pair of small telocentric chromosomes. In most species of Boana, NORs are observed in a single pair of chromosomes, mostly in the small chromosomes, although in some species of the B. albopunctata, B. pulchella, and B. semilineata groups, this marker occurs on the larger pairs 8, 1, and 7, respectively. In Hyloscirtus, NOR position differs in the three studied species: H. alytolylax (4p), H. palmeri (4q), and H. larinopygion (1p). Heterochromatin is a variable marker that could provide valuable evidence, but it would be necesserary to understand the molecular composition of the C-bands that are observed in different species in order to test its putative homology. In H. alytolylax, a centromeric DAPI+ band was observed on one homologue of chromosome pair 2. The band was present in males but absent in females, providing evidence for an XX/XY sex determining system in this species. We review and discuss the importance of the different chromosome markers (NOR position, C-bands, and DAPI/CMA3 patterns) for their impact on the taxonomy and karyotype evolution in Cophomantini

Diversidade cariotípica e molecular de Leptodactylus (Anura, Leptodactylidae) e obtenção de sondas cromossomo-específicas de anfíbio por citometria de fluxo

The genus Leptodactylus currently has 74 recognized species in the Neotropical Region, of which 57 were reported in Brazil. Factors such as high morphological similarity, as well as the lack of diverse data from different populations, result in the confusing taxonomic status of some species in the genus. Advances in this matter were obtained by increasing studies involving mainly comparison of molecular data, but often are not examined specimens collected in the type localities, fundamental for assessing the real diversity of species, considered underestimated for amphibians in general. Besides the importance of cytogenetics in describing the genomic organization, such as the presence of chromosomal sex determination systems, different cytogenetic data has been an important tool for studying frogs, allowing comparison of chromosomal variations, inferring / identifying through these the suggestion of taxa, especially when combined with zoological and ecological information. Here we studied cytogenetically species currently in the genus Leptodactylus. Among the results are outstanding: the identification of an extraordinary chromosome system of sex determining in L. pentadactylus (X1X2X3X4X5X6: Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6), considered the highest reported for vertebrates; Cytogenetic and molecular review of specimens in the Leptodactylus melanonotus group, which are in a complex of species pending resolution. With our data, it was possible revalidate the species L. brevipes and L. intermedius as they were in synonymy with L. petersii. Additionally we showed the first construction of DNA probes from whole chromosomes of amphibian, obtained by flow cytometry from Xenopus tropicalis, a model organism for genetic and developmental studies, and the possibility of application in the studies on chromosome evolution of other species of frogs, even those phylogenetically ...O gênero Leptodactylus compreende, atualmente, 74 espécies distribuídas na Região Neotropical, das quais 57 foram relatadas no Brasil. Fatores como a alta similaridade morfológica, bem como a carência de dados diversificados de diferentes populações, refletem no status taxonômico confuso para alguns dos representantes do gênero. Avanços nessa questão foram obtidos através do aumento de estudos, principalmente aqueles envolvendo comparação de dados moleculares mas, muitas vezes, não foram analisados espécimes coletados em localidade tipo, fundamental para a avaliação da real diversidade de espécies, considerada subestimada para os anfíbios anuros em geral. Além da importância da citogenética em diferentes aspectos referentes à organização genômica, bem como na identificação de sistemas de determinação cromossômica do sexo, diferentes dados citogenéticos têm se mostrado uma importante ferramenta para o estudo de anuros, permitindo, pela comparação das variações cromossômicas, a identificação de espécies crípticas, principalmente quando aliados a informações moleculares, zoológicas e ecológicas. Entre os objetivos do presente trabalho destacam-se a busca por variações cariotípicas que auxiliem na elucidação de problemas de taxonomia e sistemática no gênero Leptodactylus, pelo emprego de técnicas de citogenética clássica e molecular, bem como a obtenção de sondas cromossomo-específicas para procedimentos de pintura cromossômica em anfíbios anuros. Entre os resultados obtidos, são destacados: a identificação de um extraordinário sistema cromossômico de determinação do sexo em L. pentadactylus (X1X2X3X4X5X6:Y1Y2Y3Y4Y5Y6), considerado o maior já relatado para vertebrados; a revisão citogenética e molecular de espécimes do grupo de L. melanonotus, o qual apresenta complexo de espécies pendente de resolução. Os dados obtidos indicam a revalidação das espécies L. brevipes e L....Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Marcadores citológicos no cariótipo de espécies de Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae) analisado com técnicas de citogenética clássica e molecular

O gênero Leptodactylus é um dos mais diversificados em número de espécies e distribuição geográfica, sendo, particularmente, abundante em território brasileiro, onde novas espécies têm sido descritas nos últimos anos. Apesar de o gênero ser, desde longa data, objeto de estudos de taxonomia e sistemática, com base em múltiplos caracteres e, principalmente, naqueles com suporte no sequenciamento de DNA mitocondrial e nuclear e outros marcadores moleculares, persistem ainda muitos questionamentos. As informações citogenéticas obtidas no gênero são, relativamente, escassas e têm revelado que, de um modo geral, a maioria das espécies compartilha cariótipos similares, com 2n=22 e NF=44, mesmo em análises com técnicas de coloração diferencial, não se descartando, contudo, diferenças marcantes na constituição cariotípica de algumas espécies. Foram, então, cariotipados, com técnicas de citogenética clássica e molecular, 27 exemplares identificados como Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, L. rhodomystax, L. chaquensis, L. petersii, Leptodactylus cf. petersii, L. podicipinus, Leptodactylus aff. podicipinus e L. pentadactylus, com o intuito de buscar marcadores cromossômicos relevantes para o entendimento da evolução cromossômica, conhecimento da estrutura e organização molecular, bem como para a taxonomia e sistemática. Cariótipo modal com 2n=22 e NF=44 é compartilhado pela maioria das espécies, com diferenças pequenas no tamanho e morfologia de alguns cromossomos. Cariótipos discrepantes estão presentes em L. podicipinus, (2n=22, NF=36), Leptodactylus aff. podicipinus (2n=20, NF=40) e L. pentadactylus (2n=22, NF=44), na primeira pela presença de quatro pares de telocêntricos, na segunda pela redução do número diploide e na terceira, pela ocorrência de translocações sequenciais múltiplas, reconhecidas, também, na meiose pela formação de cadeias...The genus Leptodactylus is one of the most diversified in species number and geographic distribution, being particularly abundant in Brazil, where new species have been described in recent years. The genus has been, since long time, object of studies on taxonomy and systematics based on multiple characters, and especially on those supported by the sequencing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and other molecular markers. Nevertheless, there are still many unsolved questions. The cytogenetic data obtained in the genus are relatively scarce and revealed that, in general, most species share similar karyotypes, with 2n = 22 and NF = 44, even in analysis carried out with differential staining techniques. However, conspicuous differences in karyotype constitution of some species can not be excluded. The karyotype of 27 specimens, identified as Leptodactylus labyrinthicus, L. rhodomystax, L. chaquensis, L. petersii, Leptodactylus cf. petersii, L. podicipinus, Leptodactylus aff. podicipinus, and L. pentadactylus, were analyzed, using techniques of classical and molecular cytogenetic. The aim of this study was searching for chromosomal markers relevant to understand chromosome evolution, knowledge of molecular structure and organization, as well as for taxonomy and systematics. Modal karyotype with 2n = 22 and FN = 44 is shared by most species, with small differences in size and morphology of some chromosomes. Discrepant karyotypes are present in L. podicipinus (2n = 22, NF = 36), Leptodactylus aff. podicipinus (2n = 20, NF = 40), and L. pentadactylus (2n = 22, NF = 44), the former by the presence of four pairs of telocentric chromosomes, the second by the reduced diploid number and the latter, by the occurrence of multiple sequential translocations, recognized also by a multivalent ring shaped chain in meiosis. The NOR pattern by silver nitrate impregnation and by FISH with rDNA probe ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Effects of CNCG burning on lime compositionand SO2emissions from a lime kiln

A study was conducted at a Brazilian mill to examine the effects of CNCG burning on kiln operation, lime composition, and gaseous emissions. While CNCG burning had no significant effect on kiln performance, it caused high SO 2 emissions from the kiln stack. Sulfur entered the kiln mainly with CNCG and methanol and exited the kiln mainly with lime. Although lime can effectively remove SO 2 , the removal effi- ciency decreased from 98% of the total sulfur input when CNCG was not burned to 89% when CNCG was burned in the kiln. For this kiln, the critical sulfur input level, above which excessive SO 2 emissions occur, was about 40 kg/hThis work is part of the research program, “Increasing Throughput and Reliability of Recovery Boilers and Lime Kilns,” supported by Alstom Power Inc., Andritz, Aracruz Celulose S.A., Babcock & Wilcox Co., Boise Cascade Corp., Bowater Canada Inc., Clyde-Bergemann Inc., Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd., Domtar Inc., Georgia Pacific Corp., International Paper Co., Irving Pulp & Paper Ltd., Kvaerner Pulping Technologies, Stora Enso Research AB, Votorantim Celulose e Papel, MeadWestvaco Corp., and Weyerhaeuser Paper Co

Cytogenetic analyses of eight species in the genus <it>Leptodactylus</it> Fitzinger, 1843 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae), including a new diploid number and a karyotype with multiple translocations

Abstract Background The karyotypes of Leptodactylus species usually consist of 22 bi-armed chromosomes, but morphological variations in some chromosomes and even differences in the 2n have been reported. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for these differences, eight species were analysed using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, including replication banding with BrdU incorporation. Results Distinct chromosome numbers were found: 2n = 22 in Leptodactylus chaquensis, L. labyrinthicus, L. pentadactylus, L. petersii, L. podicipinus, and L. rhodomystax; 2n = 20 in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus); and 2n = 24 in L. marmoratus. Among the species with 2n = 22, only three had the same basic karyotype. Leptodactylus pentadactylus presented multiple translocations, L. petersii displayed chromosome morphological discrepancy, and L. podicipinus had four pairs of telocentric chromosomes. Replication banding was crucial for characterising this variability and for explaining the reduced 2n in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus). Leptodactylus marmoratus had few chromosomes with a similar banding patterns to the 2n = 22 karyotypes. The majority of the species presented a single NOR-bearing pair, which was confirmed using Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe. In general, the NOR-bearing chromosomes corresponded to chromosome 8, but NORs were found on chromosome 3 or 4 in some species. Leptodactylus marmoratus had NORs on chromosome pairs 6 and 8. The data from C-banding, fluorochrome staining, and FISH using the telomeric probe helped in characterising the repetitive sequences. Even though hybridisation did occur on the chromosome ends, telomere-like repetitive sequences outside of the telomere region were identified. Metaphase I cells from L. pentadactylus confirmed its complex karyotype constitution because 12 chromosomes appeared as ring-shaped chain in addition to five bivalents. Conclusions Species of Leptodactylus exhibited both major and minor karyotypic differences which were identified by classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Replication banding, which is a unique procedure that has been used to obtain longitudinal multiple band patterns in amphibian chromosomes, allowed us to outline the general mechanisms responsible for these karyotype differences. The findings also suggested that L. marmoratus, which was formerly included in the genus Adenomera, may have undergone great chromosomal repatterning.</p

Chromosome spreading of the (TTAGGG)n repeats in the Pipa carvalhoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1937 (Pipidae, Anura) karyotype

Volume: 13Start Page: 297-30

Revisiting the systematics of the Leptodactylus melanonotus group (Anura: Leptodactylidae): redescription of L. petersii and revalidation of its junior synonyms

The Leptodactylus melanonotus species group is widely distributed across the Neotropics and contains 17 valid taxa. Here we reassess the taxonomic status of several taxa of the group, focusing mainly on the Amazonian L. petersii and both its junior synonyms (L. brevipes and L. intermedius), based on morphological, acoustic, cytogenetic, and DNA sequence data. The phylogenetic analyses recovered a monophyletic L. melanonotus group. However, L. petersii in the broad sense was found to be polyphyletic by containing the nominal species and two other lineages more closely related to L. podicipinus than to L. petersii. Color patterns and calls also support the distinctiveness among these lineages. Moreover, one of the lineages (L. brevipes) has a unique karyotype in the genus (2n = 20 vs. 2n = 22 in the other species). The holotype of L. petersii is presumably lost and a previous designation was later considered as invalid. Therefore, we designate a neotype for L. petersii and redescribe the species from the upper Negro River drainage. Also, we revalidate and characterize L. brevipes and L. intermedius from their type localities. Our study contributes to the systematics, cytogenetic and phenotypic variation, and distribution patterns of leptodactylid frogs in South America.Fil: Gazoni, Thiago. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Lyra, Mariana L.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Ron, Santiago R.. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador; EcuadorFil: Strüssmann, Christine. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; BrasilFil: Baldo, Juan Diego. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Misiones; ArgentinaFil: Narimatsu, Hideki. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Pansonato, André. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; BrasilFil: Schneider, Rosio Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Centro Nacional Patagónico. Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral; ArgentinaFil: Giaretta, Ariovaldo A.. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia; BrasilFil: Haddad, Célio F.B.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Parise-Maltempi, Patricia P.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Carvalho, Thiago R.. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi

Cytogenetic analyses of eight species in the genus Leptodactylus Fitzinger, 1843 (Amphibia, Anura, Leptodactylidae), including a new diploid number and a karyotype with multiple translocations

Background: The karyotypes of Leptodactylus species usually consist of 22 bi-armed chromosomes, but morphological variations in some chromosomes and even differences in the 2n have been reported. To better understand the mechanisms responsible for these differences, eight species were analysed using classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques, including replication banding with BrdU incorporation.Results: Distinct chromosome numbers were found: 2n = 22 in Leptodactylus chaquensis, L. labyrinthicus, L. pentadactylus, L. petersii, L. podicipinus, and L. rhodomystax; 2n = 20 in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus); and 2n = 24 in L. marmoratus. Among the species with 2n = 22, only three had the same basic karyotype. Leptodactylus pentadactylus presented multiple translocations, L. petersii displayed chromosome morphological discrepancy, and L. podicipinus had four pairs of telocentric chromosomes. Replication banding was crucial for characterising this variability and for explaining the reduced 2n in Leptodactylus sp. (aff. podicipinus). Leptodactylus marmoratus had few chromosomes with a similar banding patterns to the 2n = 22 karyotypes. The majority of the species presented a single NOR-bearing pair, which was confirmed using Ag-impregnation and FISH with an rDNA probe. In general, the NOR-bearing chromosomes corresponded to chromosome 8, but NORs were found on chromosome 3 or 4 in some species. Leptodactylus marmoratus had NORs on chromosome pairs 6 and 8. The data from C-banding, fluorochrome staining, and FISH using the telomeric probe helped in characterising the repetitive sequences. Even though hybridisation did occur on the chromosome ends, telomere-like repetitive sequences outside of the telomere region were identified. Metaphase I cells from L. pentadactylus confirmed its complex karyotype constitution because 12 chromosomes appeared as ring-shaped chain in addition to five bivalents.Conclusions: Species of Leptodactylus exhibited both major and minor karyotypic differences which were identified by classical and molecular cytogenetic techniques. Replication banding, which is a unique procedure that has been used to obtain longitudinal multiple band patterns in amphibian chromosomes, allowed us to outline the general mechanisms responsible for these karyotype differences. The findings also suggested that L. marmoratus, which was formerly included in the genus Adenomera, may have undergone great chromosomal repatterning

Optimization of the basic number (right) and the position of NORs (left) in Cophomantini on a condensed phylogenetic hypothesis resulting from the analyses of Faivovich et al. [21] and Duellman et al. [7].

<p>Optimization of the basic number (right) and the position of NORs (left) in Cophomantini on a condensed phylogenetic hypothesis resulting from the analyses of Faivovich et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192861#pone.0192861.ref021" target="_blank">21</a>] and Duellman et al. [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0192861#pone.0192861.ref007" target="_blank">7</a>].</p