Les dynamiques socio-économiques autour de l'Aire Marine Protégée Communautaire de Bamboung (Delta du Saloum, Sénégal): entre conservation et développement territorial

La problématique des aires marines protégées au Sénégal pose la question de la conciliation des activités socio-économiques à la conservation. Depuis 2004, le processus de mise en place et de renforcement du réseau d’AMP suit son cours le long du littoral sénégalais où les communautés sont fortement dépendantes des ressources halieutiques. Pour contribuer à la réflexion sur la difficile compatibilité entre conservation et développement, cette thèse analyse les dynamiques socio-économiques en lien avec la création de l’aire marine protégée communautaire de Bamboung (AMPC), située dans la Réserve de Biosphère du delta du Saloum (Sénégal). Suite à la création de cette AMPC, nous avons choisi d’analyser la relative possibilité de concilier conservation et développement, analysée dans une approche territoriale et basée sur les stratégies des divers types d’acteurs intervenants. La démarche utilisée a reposé entre autres sur des enquêtes de terrain, effectuées entre 2010 et 2014, auprès des pêcheurs, des femmes exploitantes de mollusques et transformatrices de poissons, des acteurs du secteur touristique, des gestionnaires de l’AMPC, mais aussi des autorités locales. Les résultats obtenus ont montré des dynamiques de développement diverses liées à des facteurs endogènes et exogènes. L’AMPC crée quelque développement à travers le campement écotouristique Keur Bamboung, protège les ressources de ce territoire et a induit des changements de comportements. Le renforcement de certaines dynamiques peut contribuer à la révélation et à l’émergence des ressources territoriales de l’AMPC.The problem of the marine protected areas (MPA) in Senegal raises the question of how to balance socioeconomic dynamics and preservation. Since 2004, the network of MPA has been implemented along the Senegalese coast where communities are strongly dependent on fishery resources. The thesis debates the difficult compatibility between preservation and development, it analyzes the emergent social and economic dynamics related to the creation of the community marine protected area of Bamboung, located in the Reserve of Biosphere of the delta of Saloum (Senegal). In the context of the implementation of this MPAC, the analysis studies the relative possibility of balancing preservation and development, as taken in a territorial approach. The resultas are based on surveys, led between 2010 and 2014, with fishermen, women collecting mollusks and transforming the fish, managers of the tourist sector, administrators of the MPAC, but also the local authorities. The results show how the development processes is related to endogenous and exogenous factors. The MPAC creates some growth due to the eco-touristic lodge “Keur Bamboung”, but also to the protection of the local resources. Some pre-existing dynamics are reinforced. All of this can contribute to the revelation and to the emergence of territorial resources of the MPAC.Projet Interuniversitaire Ciblé « Méthodologies pour la gestion des Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) au Sénégal : gouvernance des pêcheries et du développement local durable

l'aire marine protégée, un instrument pour un tourisme durable et territorial au profit des communautés locales? le cas de Bamboung (Sénégal)

Les travaux à la base de cet article portent sur Bamboung, première aire marine protégée du Sénégal. La question posée porte sur la réalité d'un développement favorable aux communautés locales tel qu'il est normalement induit par ces AMP. Ne s'agit-il pas plutôt d'une niche touristique externalisée, exploitée par une organisation d'échelle nationale sans ancrage territorial? Se pose de façon plus générale la question d'un tourisme déterritorialisé dans le sens où il s'appuie sur une demande étrangère, des règles internationales peu concordantes avec les contraintes et les logiques locales

Les enjeux informationnels de la planification spatiale marine Les leçons tirées du cas des petites pêches artisanales au Sénégal

International audienceMarine Spatial Planning (MSP) implies the ability to ‘objectify’ the distribution of offshore activities on the basis of information. Geographical information is essential in this process, but its role is still little discussed. Yet, from its construction to its circulation, geo-information implies a series of choices which are far from being ‘objective’ or neutral. This presentation aims to examine the role of geo-information and associated geo-technologies in MSP in order to identify the critical points to be considered. Using an empirical approach (fieldwork, interviews, grey literature) in three fisheries-related case studies in Senegal (the St-Louis region, the Kayar MPA and the Saloum delta), the study shows a fairly wide range of informational issues related to MSP, from which we sum-up three main results.Firstly, there is a chronic lack of geographical information in general, and there is a particular need to better document both the interactions between uses (especially in regard to the growing offshore oil and gas activity) and the various scales at which these ones play. Secondly, while we need to be able to document the fishing practices and grounds, the ways of documenting them (in this case, mapping them) can be diverse. Notably fishers can themselves be part in the construction of data. Finally, the importance of being able to reconstruct the dynamics of human activities over a longer period of time, as well as the limits to taking fisheries into account solely as economic activities, appear very important. Indeed, fisheries are sometimes mainly self-subsistence activities and, whatever the form of fishing, they almost always have dimensions (identity, culture, etc.) that go beyond the framework of the market economy. It is therefore necessary to take a closer look at the way in which the diverse and complex ‘reality’ of fisheries is coded, translated and transcribed into geographical information that can be simplifying and embedded into MSP processes

Environmental History and the Concept of Agency: Improving Understanding of Local Conditions and Adaptations to Climate Change in Seven Coastal Communities

International audienceThis article provides a synthesis of the results from seven global research sites working together to study adaptation to climate change in coastal communities under the moniker ARTISTICC (www.artisticc.net). It first aims to share these research results in order to demonstrate two general themes that emerge from our analysis and can help improve our understanding of community responses to environmental change broadly speaking. These themes are the continuity of environmental change and the legacy of colonialism. The goal is to demonstrate that comparisons across research sites are possible if an appropriate transdisciplinary framework is in place and also that environmental history is required to understand the past if we are to effectively tackle present conditions. Secondly, this paper offers reflections on the concepts of agency and adaptation and how the methodological divide between historians and social scientists can be further bridged to great benefit for all concerned. By being more reflective on our own disciplinary cultures, we can co-construct knowledge about how community cultures operate. The agency of local actors is central to understanding past choices and present obstacles to successful adaptation. Indeed, we must better appreciate the goals of local actors if we are to know what success looks like to them. Adaptation, whether adjustment or transformation, is often a long-term, complex process

Geographic informational issues in MSP. Four lessons learnt from small-scale fisheries in Senegal

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Chapter 10. The information challenges of marine spatial planning

Introduction Marine spatial planning (MSP) requires the ability to “objectify” the distribution of activities at sea, which in turn requires information on multiple aspects. Geographic information is one of the central of these. However, from the construction of information to its dissemination (types, metrics, collection and processing methods, modes of representation, quality and reliability, tools and forms of dissemination, etc.), data is far from “objective” or neutral, and thus nor is t..

Geographic informational issues in MSP. Four lessons learnt from small-scale fisheries in Senegal

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Changements climatiques, changements du littoral et évolution de la vulnérabilité côtière au fil du temps : comparaison de territoires français, canadien et sénégalais

La vulnérabilité des zones côtière aux impacts des changements climatiques et aux aléas météo-marins (tempêtes, inondations, etc.) résulte conjointement de dynamiques liées au milieu naturel et à l’élément humain et social qui façonnent le système socio-écologique. Pour tenir compte de cette dualité, des approches théoriques ont été développées, telles que le couple exposition/sensibilité dans le développement d’indices de vulnérabilité climatique ou le couple aléa/enjeux dans le domaine de la gestion du risque. Souvent, ces approches ne s’appliquent que de manière instantanée et n’intègrent pas, entre autres, l’historique du territoire et l’évolution temporelle de la vulnérabilité. Nous nous intéressons ici à la dimension historique de la vulnérabilité, c’est à dire comment l’aménagement et l’utilisation du territoire ont contribué à créer une vulnérabilité. Nous décrirons comment la vulnérabilité aux changements climatiques de certains territoires côtiers en France, au Sénégal et dans l’Est du Canada est déterminée par l’évolution de l’aménagement du territoire, lui-même fonction de facteurs démographiques, économiques, environnementaux, sociaux et culturels qui se sont mis en place sur différentes échelles de temps, séculaires pour certains, récentes pour d’autres. Nous constatons que différentes trajectoires historiques, p. ex. le développement du tourisme côtier, l’ouverture du territoire à travers des nouveaux modes de transport, l’évolution d’activités économiques côtières comme la pêche, ou encore les changements démographiques résultant de conditions climatiques difficiles dans l’hinterland peuvent rendre un territoire sensible aux impacts des changements climatiques et des aléas météo-marins. La synergie entre ces différentes transformations du territoire côtier et les changements climatiques actuels et attendus, donne le portrait d’une vulnérabilité en constante transformation.The vulnerability of coastal zones to the impacts of climate change and risks is the result of the synergy of natural and human impacts on the natural environment, which together create a vulnerable socio-ecological system. In order to account for that duality, theoretical approaches such as the exposition/sensitivity or risk/hazard couples have been developed for the evaluation of climate vulnerability indices or in risk management. Often, these approaches are only implemented in a punctual manner and do not integrate the historical evolution of the territory and of its vulnerability. Here, we address the historical dimension of vulnerability, that is how the planning, use and vocation of the territories have contributed to create vulnerability. We will describe how the climate vulnerability of certain territories in France, Senegal and Atlantic Canada is determined by the evolution of land use, of demographic, economic, environmental, social and cultural aspects that evolve on different time scales, secular in some cases, more recent in others. It can be observed that different historical trajectories, e.g. the development of coastal tourism, the opening of the territory through new transport means, the evolution of coastal activities such as fishing or demographic change resulting from adverse climatic conditions in the hinterland can make a territory vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and hazards. The synergy between these different transformations of the coastal zone and the new element of climate change draw the portrait of a constantly evolving vulnerability

Marine spatial planning in the tropical Atlantic

The goal of marine spatial planning is to manage uses of marine space to reduce tensions between human activities and the health of marine ecosystems. This is a major and complex challenge, as oceans lie at the intersection of multiple and increasing interests: biodiversity conservation, climate change regulation, economic development, food security. This handbook takes an interdisciplinary, sustainability science approach to explore the potential and limitations of marine spatial planning, a tool developed in the Global North, and its current or possible future applications in the tropical South Atlantic – specifically in Brazil, Senegal and Cabo Verde. To protect our global ocean commons, communities of stakeholders need to transcend disciplinary boundaries and bring together diverse knowledge to move towards a shared goal of sustainability (part 1). The development of this collective intelligence in tropical marine ecosystem research must take into account local, national and international issues (part 2) and can be supported by innovative interdisciplinary tools (part 3). This handbook is aimed at decision-makers, researchers and, more generally, all users of marine areas, highlighting crucial points to consider when implementing marine spatial planning