Mathematical analysis for perceived annoyance of impulsive sounds in terms of physical factors

From the customer satisfaction point of view, sound quality of any product has become one of the important factors these days. The primary objective of this research is to determine factors which affect the acceptability of impulse noise. Though the analysis is based on a sample impulse sound file of a Commercial printer, the results can be applied to other similar impulsive noise. It is assumed that impulsive noise can be tuned to meet the accepTable criteria. Thus it is necessary to find the most significant factors which can be controlled physically. This analysis is based on a single impulse. A sample impulsive sound file is tweaked for different amplitudes, background noise, attack time, release time and the spectral content. A two level factorial design of experiments (DOE) is applied to study the significant effects and interactions. For each impulse file modified as per the DOE, the magnitude of perceived annoyance is calculated from the objective metric developed recently at Michigan Technological University. This metric is based on psychoacoustic criteria such as loudness, sharpness, roughness and loudness based impulsiveness. Software called ‘Artemis V11.2’ developed by HEAD Acoustics is used to calculate these psychoacoustic terms. As a result of two level factorial analyses, a new objective model of perceived annoyance is developed in terms of above mentioned physical parameters such as amplitudes, background noise, impulse attack time, impulse release time and the spectral content. Also the effects of the significant individual factors as well as two level interactions are also studied. The results show that all the mentioned five factors affect annoyance level of an impulsive sound significantly. Thus annoyance level can be reduced under the criteria by optimizing the levels. Also, an additional analysis is done to study the effect of these five significant parameters on the individual psychoacoustic metrics

PREPARATION AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF RASKARPUR

Parad Murchana is the backbone of Rasashastra which is a branch of Ayurveda.  Murchana signifies the formulations of mercury after Shodhan (purification). Parad can only be utilized therapeutically post Murchana. It is broadly classified into Sagandha (mercury with Gandhak) and Nirgandha (mercury without Gandhak) and each of it is further classified (for better learning) into Kharaliya, Parpati, Pottali and Kupupakva kalpanas, the later being better than the former with respect to its potency and action. This is due to the increased duration of Agni sanskara (heat given) as rightly quoted by Charaka in Charak Sanhita that Sanskar increases Guna (properties). Raskarpur is a Kupipakva-nirgandha kalpana. Nirgandha kalpana have always held a secondary status as compared to the Sagandha as the later are termed safer to use than the former. Mercury when combined with Gandhak (sulphur) becomes stable and less toxic. Nirgandha on the other hand needs to be administered in a proper dosage and for an appropriate duration only. This research is an attempt to study a Nirgandha kalpana and thus Raskarpur was taken . All the various versions of Raskarpur were studied and finally the Rastarangini version was selected. In order to bring uniformity in the drug prepared 2 batches of Raskarpur were prepared. This also helped to standardize the process. It was observed that the compound HgCl was formed at 100-1100. Raskarpur once prepared was tested for confirmation of the compound formed. During analysis 1 market sample was randomly taken and all 3 Raskarpur samples were analysed with their results compared with the standards. It was found that the percentage of Hg was very low as compared to the standards, that of the market sample being the lowest. The reason for the same needs to be evaluated. This study is a first attempt towards studying Raskarpur further research needs to be done using other versions

Clinical submission of supernumerary head of adducter brevis muscle

Adductor brevis is an important member of the adductor family occupying the medial compartment of the thigh executing the function of adduction and medial rotation. Deviations from normal anatomy are unusual and rarely reported. A survey of anatomical archives revealed occasional mention of additional bellies of adductor brevis muscle. The present study reports a double belly of adductor brevis muscle (AB) found during a cadaveric dissection class for medical students. The left sided AB displayed two bellies disposed in the same plane. This case report attempts to present the clinical applications of supernumerary bellies of this important adductor muscle of the thigh. It is feasible to categorize these muscular variations upon specialized radiological procedures such as CT and MRI scans only if the radiologist possesses satisfactory understanding of variant anatomy of this region. It is thereafter inferred that upon recognition these muscles present a fair chance of being of utilitised in reconstructions. A biomechanical overview of the present anomaly is also attempte

MOLECULAR DOCKING STUDIES OF SIDDHA HERBAL FORMULATION KUPPAIMENI CHOORNAM ON HUMAN HISTAMINE RECEPTOR (3RZE)

Background: Molecular docking has tremendous applications in the field of Siddha medicine especially herbal formulations were the interactions of the lead molecules of the formulation with that of receptors can be elucidated at the molecular level and furthermore to reach an assumption of its fundamental biochemical processes to which the formulation is targeting. Kuppaimeni Choornam (KC) is a simple herbal formulation used in Siddha medicine for urticaria and other skin allergies. As far as skin allergy is concerned Amino acids such as Asparagine (ASN), Tryptophan (Trp), Aspartate (Asp), Tyrosine (Tyr), Serine (Ser), Isoleucine (Ile), Lysine (Lys), Threonine (Thr), Phenylalanine (Phe) are the main core residues involved in mediating Human histamine receptor (3RZE). Binding of lead compounds with this core residue may inhibit the enzyme activity. Aim & Objectives: Molecular docking studies of Siddha herbal formulation KC and to screen the lead component interaction on the Human Histamine Receptor (3RZE). Methodology: Docking calculations were carried out using Auto Dock 4. Gasteiger partial charges were added to the ligand atoms. Docking simulations were performed using the Lamarckian genetic algorithm (LGA) and the Solis & Wets local search method. Initial position, orientation, and torsions of the ligand molecules were set randomly. All rotatable torsions were released during docking. Results and Conclusion: The compounds present in KC like beta-sitosterol, apigenin, luteolin, cuminaldehyde, kaempferol, and triacetonamine showed maximum interactions with 3RZE when compared to that of the standard cetirizine. Hence, these compounds of test drug possess promising Human histamine 1 receptor (3RZE) inhibition activity. For prospective pharmacological validation of Kuppaimeni Choornam, the docking studies were an important step for its scientific justification

Makna Obesitas

Obesitas adalah gangguan medis yang ditandai oleh adanya penimbunan lemak dalam tubuh sebagai akibat dari ketidakseimbangan antara energi yang masuk dan energi yang keluar. Penyebab obesitas bersifat multifaktorial, yakni dari adanya hubungan antara faktor biologis, psikologis, dan faktor sosial atau lingkungan. Obesitas memberi beberapa dampak bagi individu yang mengalaminya. Dampak fisik membuat individu obesitas berisiko terkena penyakit kronis, dampak sosial membuat individu rentan terkena stigma negatif dari masyarakat, dan dampak psikologis dapat menimbulkan perasaan negatif seperti kecemasan, rasa malu, serta memiliki gambaran diri yang buruk. Semua yang dialami individu terkait dengan keadaan obesitasnya memberikan pengalaman, baik menyenangkan maupun tidak menyenangkan. Penilaian individu terhadap pengalamannya memberikan pemaknaan tersendiri bagi individu tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan makna obesitas pada wanita dewasa awal yang mengalami obesitas.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode fenomenologi, karena fokus fenomenologi adalah memahami makna dari suatu peristiwa dan pengaruhnya terhadap individu. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari tiga wanita dewasa awal. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara semi terstruktur dengan didukung oleh materi audio. Metode analisis data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) dari Smith.Hasil penelitiann menunjukkan bahwa makna obesitas bagi ketiga subjek adalah: obesitas memberi dampak bagi keadaan fisik, obesitas membuat subjek mendapat perlakuan kurang menyenangkan dari orang lain, obesitas memunculkan perasaan-perasaan negatif, obesitas memunculkan pandangan negatif terhadap tubuh, serta obesitas mendorong USAha untuk menyesuaikan diri

Correlation between colposcopic impression using Reid’s colposcopic Index and histopathological grading of premalignant lesions of cervix

Background: Cancer cervix is in the top rank of gynecological cancers in the developing countries cervical cancer has a long latent period and can be prevented by simple treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasm. The incidence of invasive cancer can be decreased by early detection of preinvasive stage which can be treated at the same sitting, “see & treat approach” strategy. Objectives were to estimate the strength of correlation in detecting preinvasive lesions of cervix between colposcopy and directed biopsy and to correlate various socio-demographic data with cervical pre-invasive and invasive lesion. To compare the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of colposcopy with colposcopic directed biopsy.Methods: On selecting the patients based on the criteria, per speculum examination was done and in the presence of abnormal cervix, advised for PAP smear. Based on PAP smear scaled according to Bethedsa staging, patients were accordingly advised for colposcopy. Reid’s colposcopic index applied and biopsy was taken over the site with highest score and sent for HPE in a labelled bottle with fixative.Results: Colposcopy when compared to histopathology had a sensitivity of 100 %, specificity of 48.3%, with PPV of 22.4 % and NPV of 100 %. The p value was 0.001 suggesting a significant strength of agreement between colposcopic diagnosis using Reid’s index and histopathological diagnosis.Conclusions: Correlation of colposcopic impression with directed biopsy is described as the reference investigation or ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of cervical precancerous lesions

Format Majalah Udara Pada Siaran Pedesaan Di Rri (Radio Republik Indonesia) Semarang (the Format of “Majalah Udara” at Rural Broadcast in Rri Semarang)

This reseach have done on September, 2005 in RRI Semarang and pusposed to the know format of “majalah udara” on rural program at RRI Semarang using case study. Primary data were collected from interview and observation. Data were analysed descriptively. The result indicated that RRI‟s rural program carried out in the form of extension broadcasting program to increase the farmers‟ knowledge and in turn can change the farming pattern. The program broadcasted at 05 a.m. and repeated at 7.30 p.m. every Friday, called „Langlang Pradesa‟ Program

Pengaruh Fungsi Kelompok terhadap Kemandirian Anggota pada Kelompok Tani Padi Organik di Paguyuban Al-Barokah Desa Ketapang, Kecamatan Susukan Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh fungsi kelompok terhadap kemandirian anggota kelompok tani. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Paguyuban Al-Barokah Desa Ketapang, Kecamatan Susukan Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah. Lokasi penelitian ditentukan secara purposive dengan jumlah responden 109 dari 4 kelompok tani yaitu Al-Barokah 3, Al-Mazroh, Sunan Ampel dan Dewi Sri, variabel fungsi kelompok dalam penelitian ini dijelaskan oleh indikator kelas belajar, kerjasama, unit produksi dan USAha bisnis. Analisis data menggunakan uji regresi linier sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh secara signifikan antara variabel fungsi kelompok dengan variabel kemandiran anggota. Fungsi kelompok tani sebagai kelas belajar, wahana kerjasama, unit produksi dan USAha bisnis perlu ditingkatkan kedinamisannya. Perlu adanya pengembangan dan pembinaan kelompok tani untuk meningkatkan kemampuan secara merata bagi anggotanya. Pendekatan pembangunan secara partisipatif perlu dikedepankan untuk mendorong kemandirian anggota melalui peningkatan peran serta anggota dalam kegiatan, sehingga tumbuh dan berkembang dalam kreatifitas dan keberanian menghadapi resiko yang ada

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PADA PASIEN GASTRITIS RAWAT INAP DI RUMAH SAKIT BHAYANGKARA MANADO

ABSTRACTGastritis is an inflammatory process in the gastric mucosa and submucosa or health problems caused by irritation and infection factors. Treatment therapy used in gastritis is the proton pump inhibitor (PPI), H2 receptor antagonists, and antacids. Giving treatment therapy used by patients has an impact on the amount of medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to determine a more cost effective therapy between the use of omeprazole and lansoprazole in hospitalized gastrtitis patients at Bhayangkara Hospital, Manado. The method used in this study is Cost Effectiveness Analysis with a retrospective data collection on the period of January - December 2018. The sample in this study was 44 patients, consisting of 25 patients using with omeprazole therapy and 19 patients with lansoprazole therapy. The results showed that the most cost-effective PPI was omeprazole with an ACER value of IDR 643,210.37 and ICER value of IDR 631,023.17/ day for each increase in effectiveness if there is a transfer from lansoprazole to omeprazole Keywords: Cost Effectiveness Analysis, Gastritis, Omeprazole, Lansoprazol. ABSTRAKGastritis adalah proses inflamasi pada mukosa dan submukosa lambung atau gangguan kesehatan yang disebabkan oleh faktor iritasi dan infeksi. Terapi pengobatan yang digunakan pada penyakit gastritis yaitu proton pump inhibitor (PPI), antagonis reseptor H2, serta antasida. Pemberian terapi pengobatan yang digunakan oleh pasien berdampak pada besarnya biaya pengobatan.  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan terapi yang lebih cost effective antara penggunaan omeprazol dan lansoprazol pada pasien gastrtitis rawat inap di RS Bhayangkaara Manado. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Cost-Effectiveness Analysis dengan rancangan pengambilan data secara retrospektif pada periode Januari – Desember 2018. Sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak 44 pasien, terdiri dari 25 pasien pengguna terapi omeprazol dan 19 pasien pengguna terapi lansoprazol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terapi PPI yang lebih cost-effective adalah omeprazol dengan nilai ACER sebesar Rp. 643.210,37 dan nilai ICER sebesar Rp. 631.023,17/hari untuk setiap peningkatan efektivitas jika akan dilakukan perpindahan dari lansoprazol ke omeprazol. Kata Kunci    : Analisis Efektivitas Biaya, Gastritis, Omeprazol, Lansoprazol