Greek Religion and Epigraphic Corpora: What\u27s Sacrae about Leges Sacrae?

The Latin phrase leges sacrae and its various translations (sacred laws, loissacrées, heilige Gesetze) have been applied since at least the nineteenth cen-tury to various collections of inscribed documents. It is a modern inventionborn out of the German Wissenschaft ideology of systematic, scientific, com-prehensive methods of inquiry. This rubric and the collecting of Greek inscrip-tions under it have always been recognized as problematically subjective, andin the last decade or so a flurry of scholarship has critiqued the corpora moredirectly. Much of this analysis has focused on the leges half of leges sacrae:whether “sacred law” corresponds to an ancient category, what legal aspects ofsacred laws distinguish them from other laws and decrees, and how their termsmight have been enforced. What has been less examined, however, is what de-fines the subject matter that led to the classification of these documents assacrae. What is sacred about Greek sacred law

Estrutura da comunidade de borboletas frugívoras sob múltiplas dimensões da diversidade em diferentes compartimentos florestais no Sul do Brasil

Um dos principais objetivos da Ecologia é esclarecer os processos responsáveis pelos padrões de estruturação das assembleias de espécies. O estudo da biodiversidade concentrou-se principalmente na diversidade taxonômica, negligenciando aspectos importantes da estrutura das comunidades. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a estruturação taxonômica, funcional e filogenética de uma comunidade de borboletas frugívoras em diferentes compartimentos florestais na Mata Atlântica subtropical. Borboletas foram capturadas através de armadilhas com iscas atrativas nos estratos de borda, dossel e subosque. Foram registrados 2.850 indivíduos em 47 espécies, com maior riqueza e diversidade taxonômica encontradas na borda enquanto a maior dominância foi registrada no dossel. A composição de espécies diferiu entre os três estratos. O subosque e a borda foram agrupados filogeneticamente enquanto o dossel não apresentou um padrão bem definido. Em relação à estrutura funcional, foi encontrado um padrão aleatório com os estratos não diferindo funcionalmente entre si. O grande número de indivíduos e espécies nas bordas pode ser associado ao uso de plantas hospedeiras, abundantes nesses habitats. O padrão de agrupamento filogenético encontrado sugere que os filtros ambientais sejam mais relevantes na determinação da estrutura da comunidade do que a competição. Com relação a estrutura funcional, aparentemente o filtro ambiental e a similaridade limitante parecem não estar exercendo uma forte pressão de seleção nessa comunidade, que pode estar sendo estruturada por fatores estocásticos. O presente estudo possibilitou um melhor entendimento sobre a estruturação das comunidades de borboletas frugívoras nos diferentes estratos florestais.One of the main objectives of Ecology is to clarify the processes responsible for patterns of structure of species assemblages. The study of biodiversity focused mainly on the taxonomic diversity, neglecting important aspects of community structure. The objective of this study was to verify the taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structuring of a community of fruit-feeding butterflies in different forestry compartments in the subtropical Atlantic Forest. Butterflies were captured with traps with attractive baits on the edge, canopy and understory strata. There were 2.850 individuals in 47 species, where the largest richness and diversity were found at the edge while the highest dominance was recorded in the canopy. Species composition differed between the three strata. The understory and the edge were phylogenetically grouped while the canopy did not show a well-defined pattern. For functional structure, a random pattern was found with the strata not differing functionally among each other. The large number of individuals and species at the edges may be associated with host plant use, abundant in these habitats. The clustering pattern found suggests environmental filters might be more relevant in determining community structure than competition. Regarding functional structure, it seems that environmental filtering and limiting similarity do not seem to be exerting a strong selection pressure in this community, which may be structured by stochastic factors. The present study enabled a better understanding of the structuring of frugivorous butterfly communities in different forest strata

Molecular characterization of the Drosophila mitotic inhibitor Frühstart

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die biochemische, molekulare und genetische Charakterisierung des Drosophila Gens frühstart. In früheren Studien konnte bereits gezeigt werden, daß Frs als mitotischer Inhibitor wirkt, der spezifisch der Funktion der Protein-Phosphatase String entgegenwirkt, dadurch die Mitosen in den Zellen der Ventralfurche verzögert und so diesen Zellen erlaubt, die für die Ventralfurchenbildung erforderlichen morphogenetischen Prozesse ohne Störungen durch mitotische Zellteilungen zu durchlaufen. Darüber hinaus wurde gezeigt, daß frs ausreichend und zum Teil notwendig ist, um die schnellen syncytialen Kernteilungen nach der 13. Teilung und während der nachfolgenden Zellularisierung auszusetzen. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt verschiedene weitergehende und bisher unbekannte physiologische und biochemische Eigenschaften von Frs. So wird gezeigt, daß durch die ektopische Expression von Frs in späteren embryonalen Entwicklungsstadien auch der reguläre Zellzyklus inhibiert werden kann, diese Inhibition durch Blockierung der M-Phase verursacht wird und der damit verbundene direkte Übergang von der G2 zur G1 Phase zu Endoreplikationen in den betroffenen Zellen führt. Dieser durch Frs-Überexpression verursachte Phänotyp ist konsistent mit den Phänotypen von Cdk1 und CycA Mutanten. Um eine molekulare Verbindung zwischen Cdk1 und Frs herstellen zu können, wurde in dieser Arbeit nach mit Frs interagierenden Faktoren gesucht, deren Interaktionen mit Hilfe vielfältiger biochemischer Methoden analysiert wurden. Frs interagiert hauptsächlich mit zwei verschiedenen Arten von Proteinen: Nukleoporinen und Cyclinen. Durch molekulare in vitro Analyse konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Aminosäuresequenz von Frs neben einer Leuzinreichen Region (putatives NES), die für die Bildung des Frs-Nup50-Komplexes notwendig ist, zwei Haupt-Phosphorylierungsstellen (T22 and T48) und ein KxL-Motiv enthält, das essentiell für die direkte Interaktion von Frs mit dem hydrophoben Patch von Cyclinen ist. Die physiologische Funktion dieser Motive wurde in Rescue-Experimenten überprüft. So konnte gezeigt werden, daß das KxL-Motiv essentiell für die Frs-Funktion im Embryo ist. Die beiden Phosphorylierungsstellen tragen in vivo teilweise, das putative NES-Motiv hingegen überhaupt nicht zur antimitotischen Aktivität von Frs bei. Mit Hilfe von surface-plasmon-resonance-Analyse wurde zudem gezeigt, daß Frs bevorzugt an mitotische Cycline bindet und eine viel höhere Affinität für das mitotische Cyclin A als für das G1/S spezifische Cyclin E aufweist. Mit der gleichen Methode konnte keinerlei Interaktion von Frs mit der Cdk-Untereinheit nachgewiesen werden. Somit unterscheidet sich das Bindungsverhalten von Frs von dem bereits bekannter Mitglieder der Cyklin-abhängigen Kinase-Inhibitor-Familien INK4 und CIP/KIP, was darauf schließen läßt, daß die Funktion von Frs auf einem neuen Mechanismus der Cdk-Inhibierung basiert. Zusammenfassend bleibt festzustellen, daß die Bindung von Frs an den hydrophoben Patch ausreichend ist, um den Eintritt in Mitose 14 zu inhibieren und das der hydrophobe Patch somit eine wichtige Rolle in der Zellzyklusregulation während des Drosophila- Midblastula-Übergangs spielt

Analysis of tumor as an inverse problem provides a novel theoretical framework for understanding tumor biology and therapy

We use a novel “inverse problem” technique to construct a basic mathematical model of the interacting populations at the tumor-host interface. This approach assumes that invasive cancer is a solution to the set of state equations that govern the interactions of transformed and normal cells. By considering the invading tumor edge as a traveling wave, the general form of the state equations can be inferred. The stability of this traveling wave solution imposes constraints on key biological quantities which appear as parameters in the model equations. Based on these constraints, we demonstrate the limitations of traditional therapeutic strategies in clinical oncology that focus solely on killing tumor cells or reducing their rate of proliferation. The results provide insights into fundamental mechanisms that may prevent these approaches from successfully eradicating most common cancers despite several decades of research. Alternative therapies directed at modifying the key parameters in the state equations to destabilize the propagating solution are proposed

Is There a Relationship Between a MLB Team’s Payroll & Their Performance?

Major League Baseball (MLB) is a 10 billion-dollar industry with billions of dollars going to players each year. The best players receive the most money. There is a preconceived notion that more money translates to more wins and therefore more championships. However, there have been an increasing number of individuals who believe that all 30 teams have a chance to win their respective games regardless of the amount of money spent on players. The objective of this research was to explore the relationship between team payroll and team wins. Independent t-test and regression analyses were conducted using data for the 1995-2019 time period. The results herein show that teams with the top 10 highest payrolls had a better chance of winning the world series than teams with the lowest payrolls. This finding supports the claim that payroll is a predictor of success but the causal factors are yet to be explored; a topic for future research. The focus of this research was professional baseball. Future research may also be extended to explore the implications of compensating college athletes