"Mista, are you in a good mood?": Stylization and crossing as an affiliative resource for biilding rapport in classroom interaction

The transgressive use of language by out-group speakers, or crossing/mocking, is used in a variety of ways to achieve both affiliative and disaffiliative ends in interaction and has been well documented in youth culture (Chun, 2007; Rampton 1995, 2006). However, how crossing (Rampton 1995) is used as an affiliative resource in managing rapport in the assymetrical relations between teachers and students has yet to be fully investigated. Reporting on some findings of a 1.5 year ethnography of an English/ language arts classroom at a multilingual and multiethnic public middle school in an urbanized area of Hawai‘i, this paper explores one teacher's use of crossing in building rapport. The teacher's stylization of students' voices through ventriloquizing (Tannen 2007) is seen to be an affiliative resource in managing rapport (Günther 2008) when strategically embedded in ritual oppositional frames of interaction. By exploring audio-recordings of naturally occurring interaction of how Hawai‘i Creole or Pidgin is used transgressively in reported speech by the teacher, an 'out-group' individual, for negotiating rapport in his English classroom in, instances of crossing emerge as artfully performed rapport building strategies providing a rich site for the construction of affiliative identities. Interestingly, these findings point to the important role that crossing plays in rapport management through reported speech, notably by providing a resource for the negotiation and (re)formulation of both students' and the teacher's moral and epistemic stances in interaction. The performance of crossing within positively valued, jocular oppositional classroom rituals demonstrates the capacity for crossing as a contributing factor to the emergence of a shared sense of community in this classroom. The use of crossing in this liminal stances between offense and respect are tactfully navigated by individuals and provide a crucial resource for building affiliative classroom cultures through the strategic management of rapport in late modern society

THE NEXUS OF DISCOURSE AND PRACTICE IN SEA TURTLE TOURISM AND CONSERVATION AT LANIĀKEA BEACH, HAWAI‘I

Ph.D.Ph.D. Thesis. University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa 201

The Rate of Short-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts in the Local Universe

Following the faint gamma-ray burst, GRB 170817A, coincident with a gravitational wave-detected binary neutron star merger at $d\sim40$ Mpc, we consider the constraints on a local population of faint short duration GRBs (defined here broadly as $T_{90}<4$ s). We review proposed low-redshift short-GRBs and consider statistical limits on a $d\lessapprox200$ Mpc population using Swift/Burst Alert Telescope (BAT), Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM), and Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO) Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) GRBs. Swift/BAT short-GRBs give an upper limit for the all-sky rate of $<4$ y$^{-1}$ at $d<200$ Mpc, corresponding to $<5$% of SGRBs. Cross-correlation of selected CGRO/BATSE and Fermi/GBM GRBs with $d<100$ Mpc galaxy positions returns a weaker constraint of $\lessapprox12\ {\rm y^{-1}}$. A separate search for correlations due to SGR giant flares in nearby ($d<11$ Mpc) galaxies finds an upper limit of $<3\ {\rm y^{-1}}$. Our analysis suggests that GRB 170817A-like events are likely to be rare in existing SGRB catalogues. The best candidate for an analogue remains GRB 050906, where the Swift/BAT location was consistent with the galaxy IC0327 at $d\approx132$ Mpc. If binary neutron star merger rates are at the high end of current estimates, then our results imply that at most a few percent will be accompanied by detectable gamma-ray flashes in the forthcoming LIGO/Virgo science runs.Comment: 16 pages, 4 figures, 1 table. Published in Galaxies as part of the Special Issue, "Observations and Theory of Short GRBs at the Dawn of the Gravitational Wave Era

An investigation of the role of the systemic and local inflammatory response in patients undergoing resection for renal cell carcinoma

Although renal cell carcinoma accounts for only 2% of all cancers it is responsible for 12% of all cancer deaths making it a particularly lethal malignancy. Over the last 50 years there has been an increased incidence in all stages of disease with the greatest rise observed in localised lesions found incidentally due to increased used of radiological imaging. The mainstay of treatment for the 60% of patients presenting with only localised disease is surgery however, despite aggressive surgical management 30% of patients with no evidence of metastases at the time of surgery will subsequently develop metastases. The median survival of patients either presenting or developing metastatic disease is 8.5 months even in those who are suitable for immunotherapy. Currently staging and consequently the prognosis of patients with renal cancer is based on macroscopic tumour characteristics and the presence or absence of lymph node and distant metastases as defined by the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system. Stage alone has been shown to be inadequate in predicting outcome and combination with grade and histological subtype has been shown to improve prognostication in patients with renal cancer. Additionally patient factors are thought to contribute to patients overall cancer specific survival including the presence of cachexia and poor performance status. The reasons for these factors influencing survival are not clear but their potential relationship with the systemic inflammatory response, as evidenced by raised circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein is thought to be significant. Previous work has shown that elevated C-reactive protein signifying a systemic inflammatory response is of independent prognostic value in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for a variety of common solid tumours. In chapter 2 we examined patients undergoing potentially curative nephrectomy for renal cancer, the presence of a systemic inflammatory response has been tested for its prognostic significance against the UISS (UCLA Integrated Staging System) an internationally validated prognostic algorithm incorporating stage, grade and performance status. In this study of 100 patients a raised C-reactive protein was found to be an independent prognostic factor for cancer specific survival on both univariate and multivariate analysis. In chapter 3 patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cancer were examined for CD4+ and CD8+ tumour lymphocytic infiltrate, interleukin-6 receptor expression, cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression as well as concentrations of circulating C-reactive protein with relation to cancer specific survival. Both elevated C-reactive protein and increased numbers of CD4+ lymphocytic infiltrate were associated with poorer cancer specific survival. A positive relationship was also demonstrated between T-lymphocytic infiltrate and C-reactive protein and were both significantly associated with increased grade of tumour suggesting an association with more aggressive tumour biology. Cyclo-oxygenase 2 and interleukin-6 receptor expression were found to be independent of tumour stage, grade, lymphocytic infiltrate and not related to cancer specific survival. In conclusion the work presented in this thesis suggests that both the presence of a systemic or a local inflammatory response are negative prognostic factors in patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal cancer. Systemic C-reactive protein and tumour lymphocytic infiltrate are significantly associated with each other. Tumour expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and interleukin-6 receptor are independent of circulating C-reactive protein and local lymphocytic infiltrate and are therefore the basis for the link between the local and systemic inflammation observed in renal cancer is unclear and warrants further study. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.)

GRB 170817A as a Refreshed Shock Afterglow viewed off-axis

Energy injection into the external shock system that generates the afterglow to a gamma-ray burst (GRB) can result in a re-brightening of the emission. Here we investigate the off-axis view of a re-brightened refreshed shock afterglow. We find that the afterglow light-curve, when viewed from outside of the jet opening angle, could be characterised by a slow rise, or long-plateau, with a maximum flux determined by the total system energy. Using the broadband afterglow data for GRB170817A, associated with the gravitational wave detected binary neutron star merger GW170817, we show that a refreshed shock model with a simple top-hat jet can reproduce the observed afterglow features. We consider two particular refreshed shock models: a single episode of energy injection; and a period of continuous energy injection. The best fit model parameters give a jet opening angle, for our first or second model of $\theta_j=5.2^{+1.1}_{-0.6}~$or$~6.3^{+1.7}_{-1.1}$ deg, an inclination to the line of sight $\iota=16.0^{+3.4}_{-1.1}~$or$~17.8^{+4.5}_{-2.9}$ deg, an initial isotropic equivalent kinetic energy $E_1 = (0.3^{+3.5}_{-0.3}~$or$~0.5^{+6.7}_{-0.2})\times10^{52}$erg and a total/final, refreshed shock energy $E_{\rm total}=(0.42^{+5.6}_{-0.4}~$or$~1.26^{+18.2}_{-0.7})\times10^{53}$erg. The first model fitting prefers an initial bulk Lorentz factor $\Gamma_{0,1}<60$, with a comparatively low central value of $\Gamma_{0,1}=19.5$, indicating that, in this case, the on-axis jet could have been a `failed-GRB'. Alternatively, our second model is consistent with a bright GRB for an on-axis observer, with $\Gamma_{0,1}=162.2^{+219.7}_{-122.1}$. Due to the low-Lorentz factor or the jet opening angles at $\theta_j\sim\iota/3$, both models are unable to reproduce the $\gamma$-ray emission observed in GRB170817A, which would therefore require an alternative explanation such as cocoon shock-breakout.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figures - Version accepted for publication in ApJ. Analysis now includes two refreshed shock models and expanded discussio

Revealing Short GRB Jet Structure and Dynamics with Gravitational Wave Electromagnetic Counterparts

Compact object mergers are promising candidates for the progenitor system of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). Using gravitational wave (GW) triggers to identify a merger, any electromagnetic (EM) counterparts from the jet can be used to constrain the dynamics and structure of short GRB jets. GW triggered searches could reveal a hidden population of optical transients associated with the short-lived jets from the merger object. If the population of merger-jets is dominated by low-Lorentz-factors, then a GW triggered search will reveal the on-axis orphan afterglows from these failed GRBs. By considering the EM counterparts from a jet, with or without the prompt GRB, the jet structure and dynamics can be constrained. By modelling the afterglow of various jet structures with viewing angle, we provide observable predictions for the on- and off- axis EM jet counterparts. The predictions provide an indication for the various features expected from the proposed jet structure models

Extending the 'Energetic Scaling of Relativistic Jets From Black Hole Systems' to Include γ-ray-loud X-ray Binaries

We show that the jet power P_j and geometrically corrected \gamma-ray luminosity L_\gamma for the X-ray binaries (XRBs) Cygnus X-1, Cygnus X-3, and V404 Cygni, and \gamma-ray upper limits for GRS 1915+105 and GX339-4, follow the universal scaling for the energetics of relativistic jets from black hole (BH) systems found by Nemmen et al. (2012) for blazars and GRBs. The observed peak \gamma-ray luminosity for XRBs is geometrically corrected; and the minimum jet power is estimated from the peak flux density of radio flares and the flare rise time. The L_\gamma-P_j correlation holds across \sim 17 orders of magnitude. The correlation suggests a jet origin for the high energy emission from X-ray binaries, and indicates a common mechanism or efficiency for the high energy emission 0.1-100 GeV from all relativistic BH systems

Is protocolised weaning that includes early extubation onto non-invasive ventilation more cost effective than protocolised weaning without non-invasive ventilation? Findings from the Breathe Study

Background Optimising techniques to wean patients from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) remains a key goal of intensive care practice. The use of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as a weaning strategy (transitioning patients who are difficult to wean to early NIV) may reduce mortality, ventilator-associated pneumonia and intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay. Objectives Our objectives were to determine the cost effectiveness of protocolised weaning, including early extubation onto NIV, compared with weaning without NIV in a UK National Health Service setting. Methods We conducted an economic evaluation alongside a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Patients were randomised to either protocol-directed weaning from mechanical ventilation or ongoing IMV with daily spontaneous breathing trials. The primary efficacy outcome was time to liberation from ventilation. Bivariate regression of costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) provided estimates of the incremental cost per QALY and incremental net monetary benefit (INMB) overall and for subgroups [presence/absence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and operative status]. Long-term cost effectiveness was determined through extrapolation of survival curves using flexible parametric modelling. Results NIV was associated with a mean INMB of £620 ($US885) (cost-effectiveness threshold of £20,000 per QALY) with a corresponding probability of 58$US6594 per QALY gained). Conclusions The probability of NIV being cost effective relative to weaning without NIV ranged between 57 and 59% overall and between 82 and 87% for the COPD subgroup

Prehospital randomised assessment of a mechanical compression device in cardiac arrest (PaRAMeDIC) trial protocol

Background Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is closely linked to the quality of CPR, but in real life, resuscitation during pre-hospital care and ambulance transport is often suboptimal. Mechanical chest compression devices deliver consistent chest compressions, are not prone to fatigue and could potentially overcome some of the limitations of manual chest compression. However, there is no high-quality evidence that they improve clinical outcomes, or that they are cost effective. The Pre-hospital Randomised Assessment of a Mechanical Compression Device In Cardiac Arrest (PARAMEDIC) trial is a pragmatic cluster randomised study of the LUCAS-2 device in adult patients with non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Methods The primary objective of this trial is to evaluate the effect of chest compression using LUCAS-2 on mortality at 30 days post out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, compared with manual chest compression. Secondary objectives of the study are to evaluate the effects of LUCAS-2 on survival to 12 months, cognitive and quality of life outcomes and cost-effectiveness. Methods: Ambulance service vehicles will be randomised to either manual compression (control) or LUCAS arms. Adult patients in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, attended by a trial vehicle will be eligible for inclusion. Patients with traumatic cardiac arrest or who are pregnant will be excluded. The trial will recruit approximately 4000 patients from England, Wales and Scotland. A waiver of initial consent has been approved by the Research Ethics Committees. Consent will be sought from survivors for participation in the follow-up phase. Conclusion The trial will assess the clinical and cost effectiveness of the LUCAS-2 mechanical chest compression device. Trial Registration: The trial is registered on the International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number Registry (ISRCTN08233942)