The Iowa Homemaker vol.32, no.2

To a Bride, Salli Hearst, page 9 Happily Ever After, Donald C. Charles, page 10 The Bride Wore, Marilyn Bergeson and Patricia Keast, page 11 Here Comes the Bride, Marilyn Wright, page 12 Marriage and College - Yes, Gloria Sheehe, page 13 It’s All In the Family, Floramae Gates, page 14 With This Ring, Jean McGhie, page 15 Veiled In Loveliness, Evelyn Toulouse, page 16 Pots ‘n Pans, Maryann Meldrum, page 17 Proper Thing To Do, Marian Skinner, page 18 For Remembering, Marian Anderson, page 19 Weddings Without Worries, Nancy Voss, page 20 Showers, Joanne Ryals, page 21 Your Highest Hopes, Gayle Dunn, page 22 Bouquet for You, Maryann Meldrum, page 23 Your Trip to the Moon, Alane Baird, page 24 What’s New, Evelyn Toulouse and Dorothy Will, page 28 Information Please, Susan Brown and Mary Doherty, page 32 She Doesn’t Like Surprises and Neither Does He, Ruth Anderson, page 34 Breaking In the Groom, Alice Irvine, page 37 Trends, Joanne Ryals, page 3

The Vehicle, 1964, Vol. 6

Vol. 6 Table of Contents Milepostspage 2 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial Pagepage 4 Sadness No. 4 (Sorgen)Sherry S. Frypage 5 Christian BurialRoger J. Barrypage 7 The World of BeautyDavid Helmpage 9 The Song of the LarksDon Kapraunpage 10 ContrastKeith Haierpage 13 PanoramaDaun Alan Leggpage 13 A Child\u27s View of DeathCherie Brondellpage 14 RegretLiz Puckettpage 16 Brutal WarMary H. Soukuppage 17 aloneLiz Puckettpage 18 MadgeLinda Galeypage 19 Moon WatchingJoel E. Hendrickspage 20 AnalysisLiz Puckettpage 21 UniverseRick Talleypage 21 Anyone Can Be A LuniticRick Towsonpage 22 I, Too, Have A Rendezvous with DeathElaine Lancepage 23 The ReturnRobert D. Thomaspage 24 NamesLarry Gatespage 25 Eternal MomentsDavid Helmpage 25 The Last DaysPauline B. Smithpage 26 BeliefRichard J. Wiesepage 27 StormPauline B. Smithpage 28 ExplosionLiz Puckettpage 29 Autumn EveJoel E. Hendrickspage 29 The Girl On the White PonyLarry Gatespage 31 HoffnungTerry Michael Salempage 33 Stone WallsDaun Alan Leggpage 34 AdorationGail M. Barenfangerpage 37 MirageRoy L. Carlsonpage 38 Nature and NonsenseRick Talleypage 39 A Step Through A Looking GlassMarilyn Henrypage 40 Thoughts of a Summer PastPauline B Smithpage 42 Indiana GrassLarry Gatespage 43 RedondillaRoberta Matthewspage 44 Summer LoveDaun Alan Leggpage 45 To Youth Reaching For MaturityDavid Helmpage 45 Thanksgiving DayJoel E. Hendrickspage 46 Sadness No. 6 (Schatten)Sherry S. Frypage 48https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1012/thumbnail.jp

A photographic test for attitude measurement: a cultural examination of peasant attitudes to agricultural change in Campeche, Mexico

A photographic test for attitude measurement, abbreviated PHOTAM, has been developed and applied in a case study of attitudes to agricultural change in peasant groups currently undergoing transformation from traditional to modern. The aim of this research was to develop a structured cultural method for combining the holistic intuitive insight of anthropological and cultural geographical inquiry with the rigour of objective behavioural assessment techniques. This method involves the use of a test based on the projective principle, which bridges the gap between cultural and behavioural approaches by establishing a common data source for subjective and objective interpretations set in the overall cultural and regional context. PHOTAM involves 10 steps: (1) preliminary cultural geographic reconnaissance to provide an holistic empathetic overview of the study area and peasant life-way; (2) selection of attitude categories critical for understanding the given problem; (3) assembly of a series of photographs depicting various aspects of the attitudes selected and for use in testing internal consistency of responses; (4) selection of sample subjects in representative groups; (5) standardized administration of the test photographic set to each subject; (6) translation of tape recorded responses into English and transcription of selected responses in the original language; (7) coding of protocols using a binary decision tree involving an attitude scale and other desired attitude dimensions such as activeness, change - orientation and modernity; (8) subjective and objective interpretation of attitude profiles; (9) testing for reliability and conceptual validity of postulated attitude structure; (10) (optional) cross-cultural testing and comparison of obtained attitude pro files. A sample of 68 subjects in five peasant groups possessing experience with modern irrigation and mechanized agricultural projects ranging from none up to two years, was selected from the Mayan Camino Real and Los Chenes regions of northern Campeche, Mexico, where a government sponsored, internationally financed small irrigation programme has recently been initiated. A set of 21 photographs was employed representing easily recognizable culturally appropriate situations within the realm of experience of the typical Mexican oam-pesino. The subjects were requested to invent a story about each photograph in turn which fully describe d its content and context. The resulting protocols yielded data concerning 17 attitudes which were processed in 60 coding categories; more than 40,000 binary measurements (seven for each attitude identified) were taken on the responses. Subjective evaluation of the protocols revealed that most of the typical characteristics of peasantry encountered in the academic literature do not apply to the study groups in Campeche, and suggests that these general conceptions of the peasant sub-culture are outdated, at least as far as modernizing peasants are concerned. Thus, it seems probable that attitudinal inconsistencies and discontinuities are more prevalent amongst contemporary peasant societies than the traditional, stable, clearly-defined patterns. If these out-moded stereotypes are not discarded, costly development programming errors may result. Objective evaluation indicated that the initial attitudes selected for examination had acceptable conceptual validity, high interrater reliability (with two judges) and reasonable internal consistency. It is also clear that the PHOTAM protocols are amenable to objective coding into a-priori attitude categories which distinguish effectively within and between groups. Attitudinal differences were most pronounced between the groups of peasants having the longest development project membership compared with the inexperienced groups. The results indicate that PHOTAM is a reliable diagnostic measurement device, capable of penetrating beyond superficial opinions into the realm of deeply-felt attitudes. Thus, PHOTAM should prove useful as a tool for cultural geographic research, and in development planning applications where attitudes are often the critical factor in determining project outcomes. The richness of the response stories confirms the advantages of projective instruments especially involving the use of photographs, for breaking down barriers to deep communication with illiterate peoples. In addition, there is evidently considerable potential for cross-cultural investigation of peasant attitudes.Arts, Faculty ofGeography, Department ofGraduat

Quantifying Gait and Balance Pathologies of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis Patients using the Gait Deviation Index and Limits of Stability Test

People with lumbar spinal stenosis have difficulty walking long distances due to pain, weakness, or perceived instability. Lumbar spinal stenosis is commonly corrected by a laminectomy to relieve the pressure on the spinal cord. There are limited studies on gait and balance before or after a laminectomy to quantifiably measure physical manifestation of the patient\u27s symptoms. Surgical recommendations typically rely on subjective surveys of patients symptoms. The Gait Deviation Index (GDI) is a comprehensive index to measure overall gait pathology using data obtained from 3D motion capture systems. This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of the GDI in quantifying gait pathologies in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis during rested and fatigued walking. This study also used the Limits of Stability test to evaluate subjects balance in rested and fatigued states. Four test subjects with lumbar spinal stenosis and two control subjects with no known pathologies and typical gait profiles were evaluated. For the Limits of Stability test, the subjects stood on a force plate with a video monitor at eye level and attempted to move a cursor on the monitor toward the indicated box by leaning as far as they could without stepping or lifting a foot. The data necessary to evaluate the GDI was recorded with an eightcamera Vicon motion capture system. Correlation between two subjective tests, the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire and the Lower Extremity Functionality Scale, and the GDI were analyzed. Three of the four test subjects had GDI scores from left to right side that were clinically significant. No test subject had clinically significant differences in GDI scores from rested to fatigued walking. The Limits of Stability tests revealed no trends toward abnormal balance in either rested or fatigued state. There was moderate correlation between the subjective scoring surveys and the GDI. The Gait Deviation Index (GDI) was useful for quantifying the overall gait pathology of people with lumbar spinal stenosis. The results suggest that people with lumbar spinal stenosis do not alter their gait due to extended walking periods. The Limits of Stability test may not be a useful tool in quantifying overall balance pathology in people with lumbar spinal stenosis. Further investigation with more subjects that also includes post-surgical gait analysis is needed to determine whether the GDI could be developed into an effective tool for determining which patients with lumber spinal stenosis would most likely benefit from a laminectomy procedure

OHS Oral Histories

Interview with Gates P. Christensen, who discusses his life experiences and viewpoints

Current Evidence Regarding the Treatment of Pediatric Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: A Report From the Scoliosis Research Society Evidence Based Medicine Committee.

© 2017 Scoliosis Research Society Study Design Structured literature review. Objectives The Scoliosis Research Society requested an assessment of the current state of peer-reviewed evidence regarding pediatric lumbar spondylolisthesis to identify what is known and what research remains essential to further understanding. Summary of Background Data Pediatric lumbar spondylolisthesis is common, yet no formal synthesis of the published literature regarding treatment has been previously performed. Methods A comprehensive literature search was performed. From 6600 initial citations with abstract, 663 articles underwent full-text review. The best available evidence regarding surgical and medical/interventional treatment was provided by 51 studies. None of the studies were graded Level I or II evidence. Eighteen of the studies were Level III, representing the current best available evidence. Thirty-three of the studies were Level IV. Results Although studies suggest a benign course for “low grade” (\u3c50% slip) isthmic spondylolisthesis, extensive literature suggests that a substantial number of patients present for treatment with pain and activity limitations. Pain resolution and return to activity is common with both medical/interventional and operative treatment. The role of medical/interventional bracing is not well established. Uninstrumented posterolateral fusion has been reported to produce good clinical results, but concerns regarding nonunion exist. Risk of slip progression is a specific concern in the “high grade” or dysplastic type. Although medical/interventional observation has been reported to be reasonable in a small series of asymptomatic high-grade slip patients, surgical treatment is commonly recommended to prevent progression. There is Level III evidence that instrumentation and reduction lowers the risk of nonunion, and that circumferential fusion is superior to posterior-only or anterior-only fusion. There is Level III evidence that patients with a higher slip angle are more likely to fail medical/interventional treatment of high-grade spondylolisthesis. Conclusions The current “best available” evidence to guide the treatment of pediatric spondylolisthesis is presented. Level of Evidence Level III; review of Level III studies