Analisis Antioksidan Pada Minuman Jahe Instan Menggunakan Metode 1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhidrazyl (DPPH)

Munculnya COVID-19 memicu masyarakat memilih alternatif terapi back to nature dan pola lifestyle ikut berubah. Antioksidan dibutuhkan untuk menangkal radikal bebas akibat infeksi covid sehingga produk olahan khususnya minuman serbuk terutama dari bahan alam banyak diminati. penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya zat fitokimia yang masih terdapat pada sampel dan menghitung nilai IC50. Pengujian kualitatif dilakukan pada senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin dan saponin. Untuk pengujian aktivitas antioksidan membuat larutan induk DPPH, larutan stok vitamin C dan empat larutan stok sampel dengan pengenceran larutan DPPH 40 ppm, vitamin C 10,20,30, dan 40 ppm, dan pengenceran masing-masing sampel 100,200,300 dan 400 ppm, kemudian diuji menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil absorbansi yang didapat untuk menghitung IC50. Pengujian kualitatif semua sampel mendapat hasil positif pada beberapa pengujian fitokimia. Untuk aktivitas antioksidan pada sampel 2 memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang besar dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 475.833 ppm. Sedangkan sampel 1, 3 dan 4 memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 576.526 ppm, 861.012 ppm, dan 1574.42 ppm. Di dalam minuman jahe instan masih terdapat zat fitokimia, terlihat pada pengujian kualitatif fitokimia mendapat hasil positif. Untuk uji aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat yaitu pada sampel 2 dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 475.833 ppm. Namun dibandingkan antioksidan Vitamin C dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 59,85 ppm, nilai IC50 pada sampel 2 termasuk dalam kategori sangat lemah karena rentang >200 ppm

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Sediaan Lip Balm Kulit Buah Naga Merah (Hylocereus polyrhizus)

Lip balm merupakan sediaan yang di aplikasikan pada bibir untuk melindungi bibir dari faktor lingkungan yang merugikan seperti bibir kering dan pecah-pecah. Kulit buah naga merah belum banyak dimanfaatkan, hal ini disayangkan karena kulit buah naga mengandung vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin A serta memiliki senyawa antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kulit buah naga merah dapat diformulasikan dalam sediaan lip balm serta mengetahui konsentrasi ekstrak dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik mutu fisik sediaan dan efektivitas sebagai antioksidan. Kulit buah naga merah diformulasikan  dengan variasi konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%. Bahan yang digunakan adalah oleum cacao, sunflower oil, vaselin album, shea butter, beeswax dan gliserin. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, pH, daya sebar, suhu pelelehan dan stabilitas sediaan serta uji aktivitas antioksidan. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa kulit buah naga merah dapat diformulasikan dalam sediaan memiliki susunan homogen, suhu pelelehan  55oC – 70oC, pH 5,5, dan daya sebar 3,5cm. Pada semua formulasi nilai aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi yaitu pada konsentrasi 20% memiliki nilai IC50 31,54 ppm kategori sangat kuat, sedangkan untuk konsentrasi 5%, 10%, 15% memiliki nilai IC50 62,25 ppm; 59,87 ppm; 42,84 ppm, perbedaan konsentrasi sediaan dapat mempengaruhi karakteristik fisik sediaan serta aktivitas antioksidan

Analisis Kadar Siklamat Dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV -VIS Pada Minuman Serbuk Di Telukjambe Timur

Pemanis merupakan senyawa kimia yang banyak ditambahkan dan digunakan dalam berbagai produk olahan makanan maupun minuman, pemanis terdiri dari pemanis alami dan pemanis buatan. Siklamat merupakan salah satu pemanis buatan yang sering digunakan di masyarakat karena memiliki intensitas kemanisan 30 kali lipat dibanding gula murni. Penggunaan siklamat yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan efek negatif terhadap kesehatan seperti migraine, diare, asma, hipertensi bahkan dapat memicu terbentuknya kanker. Batas penggunaan siklamat menurut BPOM RI No. 4 Tahun 2014 pada minuman serbuk adalah 350 mg/kg. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengetahui kadar siklamat dalam minuman serbuk yang dijual oleh franchise minuman yang ada di Telukjambe Timur. Metode analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis kuantitatif menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis yang serapannya diukur pada panjang gelombang maksimum yaitu 314 nm.  Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan dari 4 sampel, sampel positif mengandung natrium siklamat yaitu sampel 1, 3 dan 4. Hasil dari penetapan kadar siklamat diperoleh hasil pada sampel 1 yaitu 205,55 mg/kg, sampel 3 yaitu 236,19 mg/kg dan sampel 4 yaitu 197,99 mg/kg. Pedagang franchise minuman didaerah Telukjambe Timur masih terdapat minuman yang mengandung pemanis buatan siklamat tetapi masih memenuhi syarat yang telah ditetapkan oleh BPOM RI No. 4 Tahun 2014 yaitu 350 mg/kg

Identifikasi Kadar Kurkumin pada Minuman Serbuk Berbahan Temulawak dengan Metode Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis

ABSTRAKTemulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) memiliki metabolit sekunder yang mengandung bahan aktif salah satunya adalah kurkumin. Kurkumin merupakan senyawa fitofarmaka yang memiliki beberapa efek biologis, seperti antidislipidemia, antioksidan, antiinlamasi, antiviral, antifungal, antibakteri, dan dapat melindungi hati. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan keberadaan dan kadar kurkumin pada sampel minuman yang tidak memiliki izin PIRT. Pengujian kualitatif dan kuantitatif pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode spektrofotometri Uv-Vis. Pada hasil penentuan panjang gelombang maksimum pada larutan baku standar kurkumin didapatkan sebesar 500 nm. Sedangkan hasil penentuan persamaan kurva baku didapatkan persamaan regresinya yaitu  y = 0,0026x - 0,0857 dengan R2 = 0,992. Pada hasil penentuan panjang gelombang maksimum sampel A, B dan C didapatkan berturut-turut sebesar 498 nm, 498 nm dan 500 nm. Sedangkan hasil penentuan kadar kurkumin pada sampel A, B dan C didapatkan berturut-turut sebesar 1,92%, 0,81% dan 12,45%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa terdapat senyawa kurkumin pada sampel minuman yang dibeli melalui e-commerce. Metode spektrofotometri dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi metabolit seperti kurkumin pada sampel minuman tertentu.Kata kunci : Kurkumin; Temulawak; Minuman Serbuk; Spektrofotometri Uv-Vis.ABSTRACTTemulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) has secondary metabolites containing active ingredients, one of which is curcumin. Curcumin is a phytopharmaceutical compound that has several biological effects, such as antidyslipidemia, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antifungal, antibacterial, and can protect the liver. This study aims to determine the presence and levels of curcumin in samples of beverages that do not have a PIRT permit. Qualitative and quantitative testing in this study used the Uv-Vis spectrophotometric method. In the results of determining the maximum wavelength in the standard standard solution of curcumin, it was obtained at 500 nm. While the results of the determination of the standard curve equation obtained the regression equation, namely y = 0.0026x - 0.0857 with R2 = 0.992. The results of the determination of the maximum wavelength of samples A, B and C were obtained at 498 nm, 498 nm and 500 nm, respectively. While the results of the determination of curcumin levels in samples A, B and C were obtained respectively 1.92%, 0.81% and 12.45%. Based on these results, it can be concluded that there is a curcumin compound in the samples of beverages purchased through e-commerce. Spectrophotometric methods can be used to identify metabolites such as curcumin in certain beverage samples.Keywords : Curcumin; temulawak; powder drink; Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry

The appointment system influences uptake of cataract surgical services in Rwanda

Funding: G.F.K. received funding to undertake a master’s degree from the British Council for the Prevention of Blindness, the Commonwealth Scholarships Commission UK, and the University of Rwanda (UR). Data collection was funded by the Travel Trust Fund at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. J.R. was a Commonwealth Rutherford Fellow, funded by the UK government through the Commonwealth Scholarship Commission in the UK. J.R.’s position at the University of Auckland is funded by the Buchanan Charitable Foundation, New Zealand.The aim of this study was to investigate barriers and enablers associated with the uptake of cataract surgery in Rwanda, where financial protection is almost universally available. This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study where potential participants were adults aged >18 years who accepted an appointment for cataract surgery during the study period (May-July 2019). Information was collected from hospital records and a semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection. Of the 297 people with surgery appointments, 221 (74.4%) were recruited into the study, 126 (57.0%) of whom had attended their appointment. People more likely to attend their surgical appointment were literate, had fewer than 8 children, had poorer visual acuity, had access to a telephone in the family, received a specific date to attend their appointment, received a reminder, and reported no difficulties walking (95% significance level, p < 0.05). The most commonly reported barriers were insufficient information about the appointment (n = 40/68, 58.8%) and prohibitive indirect costs (n = 29/68, 42.6%). This study suggests that clear communication of appointment information and a subsequent reminder, together with additional support for people with limited mobility, are strategies that could improve uptake of cataract surgery in Rwanda.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The status and outcomes of interprofessional health education in sub-Saharan Africa : a systematic review

Review conducted under the Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) PhD scholarship at the University of St-Andrews.The increasing burden of chronic diseases, and shortage of health care workers especially in Low and Middle Income countries (LMICs) requires greater collaborative working between health professions. There is a growing body of evidence that interprofessional education (IPE) and interprofessional continuous education (IPCE) can improve collaborative practice thus strengthening health care delivery in low resource settings. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes this educational strategy in these regions as part of wider programs to improve health care. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize IPE and IPCE activities in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and its outcomes; including practice, service and patient outcomes. Standard guidelines for conducting and reporting systematic reviews were followed. The online databases searched included MEDLINE, Embase, Education Resources Information Centre (ERIC), the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Science Direct. The Kirkpatrick model was used to classify IPE outcomes reported from literature. Following full text screening, 41 articles were selected for data extraction. It was found that IPE/IPCE is still a relatively new concept in SSA with 93% of studies published after 2012. Furthermore, IPE is concentrated predominantly in undergraduate institutions and mainly implemented to improve collaborative practice and address important public health concerns. Positive reaction and outcomes of IPE/IPCE were reported in terms of change of attitude and perception toward collaborative practice as well as knowledge and skills acquisition. Few studies in SSA sought to understand and measure the outcomes of IPE/IPCE relating to health care practice. More work in this important potential outcome of IPE/IPCE is recommended.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Letter: Low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries South of latitude 35 degrees North supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity

The recent editorial by Rhodes et al considered latitude and mentioned one mechanism that vitamin D is important in regulating and suppressing the inflammatory response of cytokines of respiratory epithelial cells and macrophages to various pathogens, including respiratory viruses and preventing cytokine storm and the subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).Facultad de Ciencias Médica

Achieving High Coverage in Rwanda\u27s National Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Programme

Problem: Virtually all women who have cervical cancer are infected with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Of the 275000 women who die from cervical cancer every year, 88% live in developing countries. Two vaccines against the HPV have been approved. However, vaccine implementation in low-income countries tends to lag behind implementation in high-income countries by 15 to 20 years. Approach: In 2011, Rwanda’s Ministry of Health partnered with Merck to offer the Gardasil HPV vaccine to all girls of appropriate age. The Ministry formed a “public–private community partnership” to ensure effective and equitable delivery. Local setting: Thanks to a strong national focus on health systems strengthening, more than 90% of all Rwandan infants aged 12–23 months receive all basic immunizations recommended by the World Health Organization. Relevant changes: In 2011, Rwanda’s HPV vaccination programme achieved 93.23% coverage after the first three-dose course of vaccination among girls in grade six. This was made possible through school-based vaccination and community involvement in identifying girls absent from or not enrolled in school. A nationwide sensitization campaign preceded delivery of the first dose. Lessons learnt: Through a series of innovative partnerships, Rwanda reduced the historical two-decade gap in vaccine introduction between high- and low-income countries to just five years. High coverage rates were achieved due to a delivery strategy that built on Rwanda’s strong vaccination system and human resources framework. Following the GAVI Alliance’s decision to begin financing HPV vaccination, Rwanda’s example should motivate other countries to explore universal HPV vaccine coverage, although implementation must be tailored to the local context

Evaluation of a pilot interprofessional Arclight™ workshop for healthcare students in Rwanda : promoting collaborative practice in eye health

Funding: Global Challenges Research Funding awarded by the Scottish Funding Council.Preventable and treatable visual impairment affects more than 1 billion people worldwide. Rwanda has an estimated visual impairment prevalence of 3.7% amongst the 12 million inhabitants. Around one third of this demand could be addressed through a more integrated and collaborative approach, particularly in primary eye care services. Healthcare students, therefore, need to be prepared for collaborative practice in eye health through interprofessional learning. Interprofessional workshops were piloted with ophthalmic clinical officer, medical clinical officer, nursing and medical students from the University of Rwanda. The aim was to promote collaborative practice by teaching students how to assess and recognize common eye conditions using the Arclight; a low cost, solar powered, portable ophthalmoscope designed for use in low resource settings. Students reported that the workshop content was relevant to all professional groups. They valued the opportunity to learn interprofessionally, share their knowledge and perspectives, and acquire new knowledge and skills together. This pilot helped to identify the most relevant skills and knowledge for future interprofessional eye health training. It enabled the facilitators to reflect on how best to maintain a balance between a quality interprofessional experience and the more specific eye health related learning objectives.PostprintPeer reviewe

Integration of Comprehensive Women’S Health Programmes into Health Systems: Cervical Cancer Prevention, Care and Control in Rwanda

PROBLEM: Although it is highly preventable and treatable, cervical cancer is the most common and most deadly cancer among women in Rwanda. APPROACH: By mobilizing a diverse coalition of partnerships, Rwanda became the first country in Africa to develop and implement a national strategic plan for cervical cancer prevention, screening and treatment. LOCAL SETTING: Rwanda - a small, landlocked nation in East Africa with a population of 10.4 million - is well positioned to tackle a number of high-burden noncommunicable diseases. The country\u27s integrated response to infectious diseases has resulted in steep declines in premature mortality over the past decade. RELEVANT CHANGES: In 2011-2012, Rwanda vaccinated 227,246 girls with all three doses of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Among eligible girls, three-dose coverage rates of 93.2% and 96.6% were achieved in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The country has also initiated nationwide screening and treatment programmes that are based on visual inspection of the cervix with acetic acid, testing for HPV DNA, cryotherapy, the loop electrosurgical excision procedure and various advanced treatment options. LESSONS LEARNT: Low-income countries should begin to address cervical cancer by integrating prevention, screening and treatment into routine women\u27s health services. This requires political will, cross-sectoral collaboration and planning, innovative partnerships and robust monitoring and evaluation. With external support and adequate planning, high nationwide coverage rates for HPV vaccination and screening for cervical cancer can be achieved within a few years