Efeitos da nutrição parenteral total associada à infecção bacteriana na função hepatobiliar de ratos da cepa Wistar

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hepatic alterations associated to parenteral nutrition inrats.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four groups with 10 rats each: Group I (control group) -rats were orally fed with a regular diet; Group II - rats received a regular diet, and wereinfected with Escherichia coli through intraperitoneal inoculation; Group III - rats receivedparenteral nutrition; and group IV, rats received parenteral nutrition, and were infectedwith Escherichia coli. Serum concentrations of AST, ALT, GGT, and 5’ N were measuredon the first day of the experiment, and on the eighth day of parenteral nutrition (the dayanimals were sacrificed). Histological study of the liver of the rats included: evaluationof hydropic degeneration, dilation of the central lobular vein, cholestasis, sinusoidaldilation, proliferation of Kupffer cells, cellular necrosis, and steatosis. All alterationswere graded from 0 to 4+.RESULTS: The lab exams did not present consistent alterations at the end of theexperiment. Group IV presented a reduction in GGT concentration; in addition, thisgroup presented the largest variations in AST and ALT concentration, possibly as aresult of being submitted to more intense aggression to the hepatic parenchyma. Froma histological point-of-view, all animals (with the exception of one) presented dilation ofthe central lobular vein and of the sinusoids. Such findings were more frequent amonginfected animals. The animals did not present steatosis or cholestasis.CONCLUSIONS: 1) The proposed model of intraperitoneal inoculation of Escherichiacoli was appropriate for the study of bacterial infection in young rats of the Wistarstrain; 2) our results indicate that the association of parenteral nutrition and infectiondetermined histologic alterations which were unspecific, but more intense than thealterations determined by each of these situations in isolation.OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações hepáticas associadas à nutrição parenteral em ratos.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados quatro grupos com 10 ratos cada: grupoI - controles alimentados, via oral, com dieta habitual; grupo II - em dieta habitual einfectados com Escherichia Coli inoculada por via intra peritoneal; grupo III - emnutrição parenteral; e grupo IV - em nutrição parenteral e infectados. Foram analisadasas concentrações séricas de AST, ALT, GGT e 5’N no primeiro dia do experimento eno oitavo dia da nutrição parenteral, por ocasião do sacrifício dos animais. O estudohistológico do fígado dos 40 ratos consistiu na avaliação de degeneração hidrópica,dilatação da veia centro-lobular, colestase, dilatação sinusoidal, proliferação de célulasde Kupffer, necrose celular e esteatose. As alterações foram graduadas de 0 a 4+.RESULTADOS: Os exames laboratoriais não foram consistentemente alterados aofinal do experimento. No grupo IV houve redução na concentração de GGT; alémdisso, este foi o grupo que apresentou as maiores variações de AST e ALT,possivelmente devido à maior agressão do parênquima hepático. Do ponto de vistahistológico, todos os animais submetidos à nutrição parenteral (com apenas umaexceção) apresentaram dilatação da veia centro-lobular e dos sinusóides. Estesachados foram mais comuns nos animais infectados. Não foram observadas esteatosee/ou colestase.CONCLUSÕES: 1) O modelo proposto de inoculação intra-peritoneal com EscherichiaColi foi adequado para estudar infecção em ratos jovens da cepa Wistar; 2) osresultados obtidos indicaram que a associação entre nutrição parenteral e infecçãodeterminou alterações histológicas inespecíficas, porém mais intensas do que asalterações determinadas em cada uma dessas situações isoladamente

Pro-anorexia, weight-loss drugs and the internet: an 'anti-recovery' explanatory model of anorexia

This paper explores the online ‘pro-anorexia’ underground, a movement that supports those with anorexia and adopts an ‘anti-recovery’ perspective on the disease. While encouraging a ‘healthy’ diet to sustain an anorexic way-of-life, the movement also recommends the radical use of weight-loss pharmaceuticals to pursue and maintain low body weight, in contrast to their conventional use to treat obesity. Using ethnographic and interview data collected from participants in the ‘Anagrrl’ website and online forum, we analyse the pro-anorexia (or ‘pro-ana’) movement in terms of its underlying ‘explanatory model’ of the disease, and contrast it with medical, psychosocial, sociocultural and feminist models that encourage a ‘normalisation’ of body shape and weight. We suggest that for participants in pro-ana, anorexia represents stability and control, and Anagrrl offers support and guidance for those who wish to remain in this ‘sanctuary’. We discuss the pro-anorexia movement's use of the internet to facilitate resistance to medical and social theories of disease, and its subversion of pharmaceutical technologies

Efeitos da nutrição parenteral total associada à infecção bacteriana na função hepatobiliar de ratos da cepa Wistar

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the hepatic alterations associated to parenteral nutrition inrats.MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four groups with 10 rats each: Group I (control group) -rats were orally fed with a regular diet; Group II - rats received a regular diet, and wereinfected with Escherichia coli through intraperitoneal inoculation; Group III - rats receivedparenteral nutrition; and group IV, rats received parenteral nutrition, and were infectedwith Escherichia coli. Serum concentrations of AST, ALT, GGT, and 5’ N were measuredon the first day of the experiment, and on the eighth day of parenteral nutrition (the dayanimals were sacrificed). Histological study of the liver of the rats included: evaluationof hydropic degeneration, dilation of the central lobular vein, cholestasis, sinusoidaldilation, proliferation of Kupffer cells, cellular necrosis, and steatosis. All alterationswere graded from 0 to 4+.RESULTS: The lab exams did not present consistent alterations at the end of theexperiment. Group IV presented a reduction in GGT concentration; in addition, thisgroup presented the largest variations in AST and ALT concentration, possibly as aresult of being submitted to more intense aggression to the hepatic parenchyma. Froma histological point-of-view, all animals (with the exception of one) presented dilation ofthe central lobular vein and of the sinusoids. Such findings were more frequent amonginfected animals. The animals did not present steatosis or cholestasis.CONCLUSIONS: 1) The proposed model of intraperitoneal inoculation of Escherichiacoli was appropriate for the study of bacterial infection in young rats of the Wistarstrain; 2) our results indicate that the association of parenteral nutrition and infectiondetermined histologic alterations which were unspecific, but more intense than thealterations determined by each of these situations in isolation.OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações hepáticas associadas à nutrição parenteral em ratos.MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados quatro grupos com 10 ratos cada: grupoI - controles alimentados, via oral, com dieta habitual; grupo II - em dieta habitual einfectados com Escherichia Coli inoculada por via intra peritoneal; grupo III - emnutrição parenteral; e grupo IV - em nutrição parenteral e infectados. Foram analisadasas concentrações séricas de AST, ALT, GGT e 5’N no primeiro dia do experimento eno oitavo dia da nutrição parenteral, por ocasião do sacrifício dos animais. O estudohistológico do fígado dos 40 ratos consistiu na avaliação de degeneração hidrópica,dilatação da veia centro-lobular, colestase, dilatação sinusoidal, proliferação de célulasde Kupffer, necrose celular e esteatose. As alterações foram graduadas de 0 a 4+.RESULTADOS: Os exames laboratoriais não foram consistentemente alterados aofinal do experimento. No grupo IV houve redução na concentração de GGT; alémdisso, este foi o grupo que apresentou as maiores variações de AST e ALT,possivelmente devido à maior agressão do parênquima hepático. Do ponto de vistahistológico, todos os animais submetidos à nutrição parenteral (com apenas umaexceção) apresentaram dilatação da veia centro-lobular e dos sinusóides. Estesachados foram mais comuns nos animais infectados. Não foram observadas esteatosee/ou colestase.CONCLUSÕES: 1) O modelo proposto de inoculação intra-peritoneal com EscherichiaColi foi adequado para estudar infecção em ratos jovens da cepa Wistar; 2) osresultados obtidos indicaram que a associação entre nutrição parenteral e infecçãodeterminou alterações histológicas inespecíficas, porém mais intensas do que asalterações determinadas em cada uma dessas situações isoladamente

ETSON-SAMHYCO-NET benchmark on simulations of upward flame propagation experiment in representative hydrogen-air-steam mixtures of severe accidents containments atmosphere

International audienceIn case of a core melt-down accident in a light water nuclear reactor, hydrogen is produced during reactor core degradation and released into the reactor building. In case of failure of in-vessel corium retention, a large amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in addition to H2 and other gases may be produced during molten core concrete interaction (MCCI). This subsequently creates a combustion hazard. A local ignition of the combustible mixture may generate standing flames or initially slow propagating flames. Depending on geometry, mixture composition and turbulence level, the flame can accelerate or be quenched after a certain distance. The pressure and temperature loads generated by the combustion process may threaten the integrity of the containment building and safety equipment. The evaluation of such loads requires validated codes which can be used with a high level of confidence. Currently, turbulence and steam effect on flame propagation mechanisms are not well reproduced by combustion models usually implemented in safety tools and further model enhancement and validation are still needed. For this purpose and at the initiative of the SAMHYCO-NET project consortium and of the European Technical Safety Organization Network (ETSON), a benchmark on hydrogen combustion was organized with the goal to identify the current level of the computational tools in the area of hydrogen combustion simulation under conditions typical for safety considerations in a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). This benchmark is composed of four main steps with increasing difficulty starting from flame propagation in homogenous dry atmosphere and finishing with more representative conditions with (H2/H2O/O2/N2) stratified mixtures. In this paper, only experiments related to flame propagation in homogenous atmosphere are considered. The simulation results obtained by participating organizations, using both Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and lumped-parameter computer codes, are compared to experimental results and analyzed. The main outcomes and lessons learned are also provided