Biomedical metal–organic framework materials : perspectives and challenges

The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the German Research Foundation (DFG: LA2937/4-1; SH1223/1-1; SFB 1066; GRK/RTG 2735 (project number 331065168)), the German Federal Ministry of Research and Education (BMBF: Gezielter Wirkstofftransport, PP-TNBC, Project No. 16GW0319K) and the European Research Council (ERC: Meta-Targeting (864121)). The financial support from Welch Foundation (AT-1989-20220331) and from the Human Frontier Science Program (HFSP, within the project RGP0047/2022) are also acknowledged. The authors thank the European Union (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) for the COST Action EU4MOFs (CA22147). Figures were created using BioRender.com.Metal–organic framework (MOF) materials are gaining significant interest in biomedical research, owing to their high porosity, crystallinity, and structural and compositional diversity. Their versatile hybrid organic/inorganic chemistry endows MOFs with the capacity to retain organic (drug) molecules, metals, and gases, to effectively channel electrons and photons, to survive harsh physiological conditions such as low pH, and even to protect sensitive biomolecules. Extensive preclinical research has been carried out with MOFs to treat several pathologies and, recently, their integration with other biomedical materials such as stents and implants has demonstrated promising performance in regenerative medicine. However, there remains a significant gap between MOF preclinical research and translation into clinically and societally relevant medicinal products. Here, the intrinsic features of MOFs are outlined and their suitability to specific biomedical applications such as detoxification, drug and gas delivery, or as (combination) therapy platforms is discussed. Furthermore, relevant examples of how MOFs have been engineered and evaluated in different medical indications, including cancer, microbial, and inflammatory diseases is described. Finally, the challenges facing their translation into the clinic are critically examined, with the goal of establishing promising research directions and more realistic approaches that can bridge the translational gap of MOFs and MOF‐containing (nano)materials.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Selective CO₂ capture in metal-organic frameworks with azine-functionalized pores generated by mechanosynthesis

Two new three-dimensional porous Zn(II)-based metal-organic frameworks, containing azine-functionalized pores, have been readily and quickly isolated via mechanosynthesis, by using a nonlinear dicarboxylate and linear N-donor ligands. The use of nonfunctionalized and methyl-functionalized N-donor ligands has led to the formation of frameworks with different topologies and metal-ligand connectivities and therefore different pore sizes and accessible volumes. Despite this, both metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) possess comparable BET surface areas and CO₂ uptakes at 273 and 298 K at 1 bar. The network with narrow and interconnected pores in three dimensions shows greater affinity for CO compared to the network with one-dimensional and relatively large pores-attributable to the more effective interactions with the azine groups

Reductive electrosynthesis of crystalline metal-organic frameworks

Electroreduction of oxoanions affords hydroxide equivalents that induce selective deposition of crystalline metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) on conductive surfaces. The method is illustrated by cathodic electrodeposition of Zn[subscript 4]O(BDC)[subscript 3] (MOF-5; BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate), which is deposited at room temperature in only 15 min under cathodic potential. Although many crystalline phases are known in the Zn[superscript 2+]/BDCsuperscript 2–] system, MOF-5 is the only observed crystalline MOF phase under these conditions. This fast and mild method of synthesizing MOFs is amenable to direct surface functionalization and could impact applications requiring conformal coatings of microporous MOFs, such as gas separation membranes and electrochemical sensors.Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Energy Initiative (Seed Fund Program)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant CHE-9808061)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DBI-9729592)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant DMR- 0819762