Building Typology In Kosovo Based On It\u27s Thermal Characteristics

Each country should develop it\u27s own building typology. For this purpose the state must have a system of classification defined by year of construction, building function and size of the existing buildings. It should then find examples that represent that category. The relevant data of these objects (external walls, windows, exterior doors, roof and slab above the ground), along with their respective photographs of buildings create countries typology. Its importance lies in the fact that when the object is being renovated regarding energy savings, rising the comfort or simply to maintain the structure of the building must know in advance some of the features of the building that are typical for its type.A typical classification of building stock will give professionals preliminary data for quick calculations on the potential energy savings, sustainability of the building structure, historical values etc. This paper will present the first steps in Kosovo for creating building typology and its application by analyzing existing projects in this field that were conducted from Kosovo Government, World Bank, EU and other NGO or Companies. The paper will also give best solutions for improving thermal characteristics by implementing Energy efficiency (EE) measures. It will also show what are these measures and how will they affect heat transmission and energy consumption in general

Analysis On Energy Consumption In The Health Sector And Energy Saving Measures

The services sector within which is also the Health Sector is a sector with particular importance given that the majority of consumers in this sector are public services consumers. Under Directive 2006/32/EC this sector should play promoter role of developments in terms of improving energy efficiency. Given the fact that many projects in the field of energy efficiency mainly funded by donors aimed the Public Health sector because besides achieving energy savings there should also be reached the comfort level within the building as most of the Health care buildings in Kosovo lack the basic comfort level regarding internal temperature, air flow and lighting

Hepatitis C in several risk groups: Literature review

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of hepatitis C in selected risk groups such as haemodialysis patients, pregnant women, healthcare workers, HIV-HCV co-infected patients, patients with mental health diseases and piercing and tattoo procedures. Furthermore, it aimed at evidencing common transmitting routes and highlighting the importance of preventive measures among these groups.   Methods: The literature review was conducted using online databases (Medline) with search query involving the keyword “hepatitis C” in conjunction with keywords describing risk groups such as "dialysis", or "haemodialysis", or "pregnancy", or "pregnant", or "mental health", or "tattoo", or "piercing", or "HIV", or "health professionals”.   Results: After assessing all the retrieved publications, 39 of them were considered for inclusion: 17 on haemodialysis patients, 7 on pregnant women, 8 on HIV-HCV co-infection and 7 publications on health professionals, patients of mental health wards and piercing and tattoo procedures. The high rate of hepatitis C is still a high problem and in some cases it is considered as a new issue, as in the case of pregnancy. Some of the transmission routes have been identified earlier, such as the HIV-HCV co-infection but some, such as piercing and tattoo, are becoming new transmission routes. Health professionals are still identified as high risk group while mental health patients are a potentially high risk group.   Conclusion: Even though some patients are routinely screened for hepatitis C, there are indications for performing such a routine test in other groups. In almost all of the risk groups, it is advocated to use stricter preventive measures and to disseminate knowledge on risks of hepatitis C.   Conflict of interest: None declared

Hepatitis C in several risk groups: Literature review

Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the distribution of hepatitis C in selected risk groups such as haemodialysis patients, pregnant women, healthcare workers, HIV-HCV co-infected patients, patients with mental health diseases and piercing and tattoo procedures. Furthermore, it aimed at evidencing common transmitting routes and highlighting the importance of preventive measures among these groups.   Methods: The literature review was conducted using online databases (Medline) with search query involving the keyword “hepatitis C” in conjunction with keywords describing risk groups such as "dialysis", or "haemodialysis", or "pregnancy", or "pregnant", or "mental health", or "tattoo", or "piercing", or "HIV", or "health professionals”.   Results: After assessing all the retrieved publications, 39 of them were considered for inclusion: 17 on haemodialysis patients, 7 on pregnant women, 8 on HIV-HCV co-infection and 7 publications on health professionals, patients of mental health wards and piercing and tattoo procedures. The high rate of hepatitis C is still a high problem and in some cases it is considered as a new issue, as in the case of pregnancy. Some of the transmission routes have been identified earlier, such as the HIV-HCV co-infection but some, such as piercing and tattoo, are becoming new transmission routes. Health professionals are still identified as high risk group while mental health patients are a potentially high risk group.   Conclusion: Even though some patients are routinely screened for hepatitis C, there are indications for performing such a routine test in other groups. In almost all of the risk groups, it is advocated to use stricter preventive measures and to disseminate knowledge on risks of hepatitis C.   Conflict of interest: None declared

Tularemia Outbreak Investigation in Kosovo: Case Control and Environmental Studies

A large outbreak of tularemia occurred in Kosovo in the early postwar period, 1999-2000. Epidemiologic and environmental investigations were conducted to identify sources of infection, modes of transmission, and household risk factors. Case and control status was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blot, and microagglutination assay. A total of 327 serologically confirmed cases of tularemia pharyngitis and cervical lymphadenitis were identified in 21 of 29 Kosovo municipalities. Matched analysis of 46 case households and 76 control households suggested that infection was transmitted through contaminated food or water and that the source of infection was rodents. Environmental circumstances in war-torn Kosovo led to epizootic rodent tularemia and its spread to resettled rural populations living under circumstances of substandard housing, hygiene, and sanitation

Retrospective Analysis of Six Years of Acute Flaccid Paralysis Surveillance and Polio Vaccine Coverage Reported by Italy, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Kosovo, Albania, North Macedonia, Malta, and Greece

Here we analyzed six years of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance, from 2015 to 2020, of 10 countries linked to the WHO Regional Reference Laboratory, at the Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Italy. The analysis also comprises the polio vaccine coverage available (2015–2019) and enterovirus (EV) identification and typing data. Centralized Information System for Infectious Diseases and Laboratory Data Management System databases were used to obtain data on AFP indicators and laboratory performance and countries’ vaccine coverage from 2015 to 2019. EV isolation, identification, and typing were performed by each country according to WHO protocols. Overall, a general AFP underreporting was observed. Non-Polio Enterovirus (NPEV) typing showed a high heterogeneity: over the years, several genotypes of coxsackievirus and echovirus have been identified. The polio vaccine coverage, for the data available, differs among countries. This evaluation allows for the collection, for the first time, of data from the countries of the Balkan area regarding AFP surveillance and polio vaccine coverage. The need, for some countries, to enhance the surveillance systems and to promote the polio vaccine uptake, in order to maintain the polio-free status, is evident

Women's experiences of roles and relationships during breast cancer : an analysis of women's narratives

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den cancersjukdom som förekommer i störst omfattning bland kvinnor. Med åren har diagnostik och behandling förbättrats, vilket resulterat i ett ökat insjuknande samtidigt som dödligheten minskar. Begreppet survivorship i relation till cancer innebär fokus på personens hälsa och välbefinnande från det att diagnosen konstaterats till livets slut. Begreppet survivorship omfattar olika områden, bland annat kroppsliga, känslomässiga, sociala och ekonomiska där cancer kan påverka personer från diagnos till restenav livet. Inom den empiriska forskningen har roller och relationer lyfts fram inom bröstcancer och survivorship. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av roller och relationer vid bröstcancer. Metod: Litteraturstudien utgjordes av två självbiografier som analyserades med utgångspunkt i kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: Försöka behålla vardagsliv medan cancern bryter rutiner och roller, Det behövs kärlek och självmedkänsla för att tillägna sig det nya livet, Döden äventyrar relationer när de behövs som mest i livet. Slutsats: Kvinnor med bröstcancer upplevde att roller och relationer var viktiga, men utmanades av bröstcancern. Med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och en helhetssyn kan sjuksköterskan främja hälsa och lindra lidande för kvinnor med bröstcancer, men även för deras närstående.

Women's experiences of roles and relationships during breast cancer : an analysis of women's narratives

Bakgrund: Bröstcancer är den cancersjukdom som förekommer i störst omfattning bland kvinnor. Med åren har diagnostik och behandling förbättrats, vilket resulterat i ett ökat insjuknande samtidigt som dödligheten minskar. Begreppet survivorship i relation till cancer innebär fokus på personens hälsa och välbefinnande från det att diagnosen konstaterats till livets slut. Begreppet survivorship omfattar olika områden, bland annat kroppsliga, känslomässiga, sociala och ekonomiska där cancer kan påverka personer från diagnos till restenav livet. Inom den empiriska forskningen har roller och relationer lyfts fram inom bröstcancer och survivorship. Syfte: Att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av roller och relationer vid bröstcancer. Metod: Litteraturstudien utgjordes av två självbiografier som analyserades med utgångspunkt i kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre kategorier: Försöka behålla vardagsliv medan cancern bryter rutiner och roller, Det behövs kärlek och självmedkänsla för att tillägna sig det nya livet, Döden äventyrar relationer när de behövs som mest i livet. Slutsats: Kvinnor med bröstcancer upplevde att roller och relationer var viktiga, men utmanades av bröstcancern. Med ett personcentrerat förhållningssätt och en helhetssyn kan sjuksköterskan främja hälsa och lindra lidande för kvinnor med bröstcancer, men även för deras närstående.

Mapping and Size Estimation of Key Populations in Kosovo, 2016

This is the first study of this nature in Kosovo. The objective of the research was to conduct population size estimate at granular and national level, distribution, settings and typologies of Female Sex Workers (FSWs), Men who have Sex with Men (MSM) and People Who Inject Drug (PWID) in order to provide a sound platform to improve service delivery and suggest ways to scale up the response. Cross sectional survey in 26 municipalities of Kosovo, Feb-April 2016 through two sequential steps: 1. Systematic information-gathering from secondary key informants within each zone and validating each through primary KI. In addition web-sites and mobile apps were mapped in the similar way. KP size estimates were calculated for each spot and rolled up into municipality estimates then aggregated into national estimates. MSM is the largest key population identified with a total number of 6814 range total number of spots MSM, with an overall national rate of 12 MSM per 1000 adult men across six types of spots including geo and virtual mapping. Fewer MSM operate at geographic spots, due to social norms MSM keep their activities hidden and mostly operate through internet and cell phones. An estimated number of FSW was 5037, rate of 8.9 FSWs per 1000 adult females and eight different spot typologies. Approximately 10% of FSW in Kosovo use websites to connect with clients. A total of 5819 PWID were calculated with rates of 10.2 PWID per 1000 adult men in five spot typologies. No female PWID were identified at geographic spots. These size estimates were calculated through community involvement and finalized with their agreement. Simple and straightforward community-led approach was used, ensuring active leadership and involvement of the KPs themselves in validating estimates