Tendências das pesquisas em educação a distância em teses e dissertações defendidas entre 2002 e 2012 em instituiçoes do Estado do Paraná

Orientadora: Profª Drª Glaucia da Silva BritoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação. Defesa: Curitiba, 21/08/2014Inclui referênciasÁrea de concetração: Educação, Cultura e TecnologiaResumo: O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um panorama das pesquisas em Educação a Distância (EaD) nas instituições públicas de ensino superior do Estado do Paraná, e principalmente, as tendências desses estudos, ou seja, quais elementos da EaD estão sendo abordados nas pesquisas. Consideramos um recorte temporal de 2002 a 2012, pois nesse período as iniciativas de EaD aumentaram significativamente no Brasil, bem como as produções sobre esse tema. As características da Educação a Distância, políticas públicas, como a criação da Universidade Aberta do Brasil - UAB, bem como a grande adesão das instituições privadas a essa modalidade explicam a expansão da EaD no período mencionado. Optamos por uma pesquisa do tipo Estado da Arte, com análise qualitativa, realizada em teses e dissertações. O estudo para esse tipo de pesquisa foi embasado em produções de Ferreira (1999), Conrado (2005), Romanowski (2006), Picheth (2007), Molina (2007), Oliveira (2009), Pillão (2009), Ribeiro (2011), Zuffo (2011) e Vieira (2014). Para o estudo da temática de Educação a Distância e outros temas como tecnologias e cultura foram utilizados como referência Moran (2005, 2010, 1994), Williams (2003), Forquin (1993), Laraia (2009), Lévy (2010), Eagleton (2011), Brito e Purificação (2008), Preti (1996). Para análise de conteúdo a referência utilizada foi Bardin (2011). Foram localizados 92 trabalhos com a temática de Educação a Distância, sendo que desse total selecionou-se 48 da área de Educação, os quais foram lidos integralmente e analisados. Foram criadas fichas catalográficas com itens que descrevem as informações sobre autor e instituição, tal como temáticas discutidas, objetivos, metodologia e conclusões. As categorias de análise utilizadas foram "Centros de Produção de Pesquisas", "Características Metodológicas" e "Tendências dos Estudos". Os resultados encontrados mostraram que, das 48 pesquisas analisadas, 22 foram realizadas na PUC-PR, uma na UEL, oito na UEM, seis na UEPG, duas na UNIOESTE e nove na UFPR. As características metodológicas revelaram que a abordagem qualitativa foi utilizada em 36 trabalhos e o estudo de caso foi o tipo de pesquisa adotado em 32 pesquisas. As tendências das pesquisas em Educação a Distância apontam para uma predominância na análise de propostas, com 22 trabalhos, em seguida aparecem as análise de práticas com 12 trabalhos, políticas e documentos com sete, uso das tecnologias com quatro e, por último, a produção de material didático com três trabalhos. Identificou-se escassez de pesquisas sobre uso de tecnologias, produção de material didático e principalmente sobre avaliação na EaD. Palavras-chave: Estado da Arte; Educação a Distância; Pesquisa em EaD.Abstract: The present work aims to present an overview of the current researches in distance education in public colleges, in the State of Parana, focusing mainly in the current trends of such studies, and that means which elements of Distance Education are been taken into consideration within the researches. The time lapse taken into consideration was from 2002 - 2012, for in this period the distance education programs increased considerably in Brazil as well as papers in this area. The perks of distance education, public policies such as the creation of the Universidade Aberta do Brasil (UAB), and the massive adoption of such system by private institutions explain the expansion of distance education in the aforementioned period. In this work, the option was made to use a State of the Art, type of research, focusing on a qualitative analysis made in thesis of the genre. The research was made using as groundwork the works of Ferreira (1999), Conrado (2005), Romanowski (2006), Picheth (2007), Molina (2007), Oliveira (2009), Pillão (2009), Ribeiro (2011), Zuffo (2011) and Vieira (2014). As for the study in distance education and other topics, such as technologies and culture we preferred to base our analysis in Moran (2005, 2010, 1994), Williams (2003), Forquin (1993), Laraia (2009), Lévy (2010), Eagleton (2011), Brito e Purificação (2008), Preti (1996). For the content analysis the reference was the work of Bardin (2011). The research observed and studied 92 works that had has theme distance education, from which 48 were selected that had as main theme Education, these were thoroughly examined and analyzed. Files were created to give access to information regarding the author, institution, themes, objectives, methods and conclusions. The categories of analysis selected were "Research Centers", "Methods" and "Studies Trends". The results show that of the 48 works studied, 22 were from PUC-PR, 1 from UEL, 8 AT UEM, 6 at UEPG, 2 at UNIOSTE and 9 at UFPR. Our method showed that qualitative analyses were used in 36 works and case study was used in 32 works. The current trends in distance education point towards the dominance of proposal of analysis, with 22 works, followed by practice with 12, policies and documents with 7, technologies and their use with 4 and last production of teaching materials with 3. We identified the lack of thesis regarding technologies and their use, production of teaching materials and mainly evaluation in distance education. Keywords: State of the Art; Distance Education; Research in Distance Education

Políticas afirmativas - cotas raciais na UFPR

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Vinícius Baptista da SilvaMonografia (especializaçao) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Educaçao, Curso de Especializaçao em Educaçao do CampoInclui bibliografi

ALFABETIZAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA DO PROFESSOR

Resenha:SAMPAIO, M. N.; LEITE, L. S. Alfabetização tecnológica do professor. 7. ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2010

Typhoid and Paratyphoid Cost of Illness in Pakistan: Patient and Health Facility Costs from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project II

Background: The objective of this study was to estimate the cost of illness from enteric fever (typhoid and paratyphoid) at selected sites in Pakistan. Methods: We implemented a cost-of-illness study in 4 hospitals as part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) II in Pakistan. From the patient and caregiver perspective, we collected direct medical, nonmedical, and indirect costs per case of enteric fever incurred since illness onset by phone after enrollment and 6 weeks later. From the health care provider perspective, we collected data on quantities and prices of resources used at 3 of the hospitals, to estimate the direct medical economic costs to treat a case of enteric fever. We collected costs in Pakistani rupees and converted them into 2018 US dollars. We multiplied the unit cost per procedure by the frequency of procedures in the surveillance case cohort to calculate the average cost per case. Results: We collected patient and caregiver information for 1029 patients with blood culture-confirmed enteric fever or with a nontraumatic terminal ileal perforation, with a median cost of illness per case of US $196.37 (IQR, US$72.89-496.40). The median direct medical and nonmedical costs represented 8.2% of the annual labor income. From the health care provider perspective, the estimated average direct medical cost per case was US $50.88 at Hospital A, US$52.24 at Hospital B, and US $11.73 at Hospital C. Conclusions: Enteric fever can impose a considerable economic burden in Pakistan. These new estimates of the cost of illness of enteric fever can improve evaluation and modeling of the costs and benefits of enteric fever prevention and control measures, including typhoid conjugate vaccines

Healthcare Utilization Patterns for Acute Febrile Illness in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan: Results from the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project

Background: Characterizing healthcare-seeking patterns for acute febrile illness is critical for generating population-based enteric fever incidence estimates from facility-based surveillance data. Methods: We used a hybrid model in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP) to assess incidence of enteric fever at 6 study hospitals in 3 countries. We recruited individuals presenting to the hospitals and obtained blood cultures to evaluate for enteric fever. For this analysis, we undertook cluster random household surveys in Dhaka, Bangladesh (2 sites); Karachi, Pakistan; Kathmandu, Nepal; and Kavrepalanchok, Nepal between January 2017 and February 2019, to ascertain care-seeking behavior for individuals with 1) fever for ≥3 consecutive days within the past 8 weeks; or 2) fever resulting in hospitalization within the past year. We also collected data about disease severity and household demographics and assets. We used mixed-effect multivariable logistic regression models to identify determinants of healthcare seeking at study hospitals and determinants of culture-confirmed enteric fever. Results: We enrolled 31 841 households (53926 children) in Bangladesh, 25510 households (84196 children and adults) in Nepal, and 21310 households (108031 children and adults) in Pakistan. Children <5 years were most likely to be taken to the study hospitals for febrile illness at all sites. Household wealth was positively correlated with healthcare seeking in 4 of 5 study sites, and at least one marker of disease severity was positively associated with healthcare seeking in 3 of 5 catchment areas. Wealth and disease severity were variably predictive of blood culture-confirmed enteric fever. Conclusions: Age, household wealth, and disease severity are important determinants of healthcare seeking for acute febrile illness and enteric fever risk in these communities, and should be incorporated into estimation models for enteric fever incidence

Antimicrobial Resistance in Typhoidal Salmonella: Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project, 2016-2019

Background: Clinicians have limited therapeutic options for enteric as a result of increasing antimicrobial resistance, and therefore typhoid vaccination is recommended as a preventive measure. As a part of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in Asia Project (SEAP), we investigated the extent measured the burden of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among confirmed enteric fever cases in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Methods: From September 2016-September 2019, SEAP recruited study participants of all age groups from its outpatient, inpatient, hospital laboratory, laboratory network, and surgical sites who had a diagnosis of febrile illness that was either suspected or blood culture confirmed for enteric fever. Antimicrobial resistance of isolates was determined by disc diffusion using Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute cut-off points. We reported the frequency of multidrug resistance (MDR)(resistance to ampicillin, cotrimoxazole, and chloramphenicol), extensive drug resistance (XDR) (MDR plus non-susceptible to fluoroquinolone and any 3rd generation cephalosporins), and fluoroquinolone (FQ) and azithromycin non-susceptibility. Results: We enrolled 8,705 blood culture confirmed enteric fever cases: 4,873 (56%) from Bangladesh, 1,602 (18%) from Nepal and 2,230 (26%) from Pakistan. Of these, 7,591 (87%) were Salmonella Typhi and 1114 (13%) were S. Paratyphi. MDR S. Typhi was identified in 17% (701/4065) of isolates in Bangladesh, and 1% (19/1342) in Nepal. In Pakistan, 16 % (331/2084) of S. Typhi isolates were MDR, and 64% (1319/2074) were XDR. FQ nonsusceptibility among S. Typhi isolates was 98% in Bangladesh, 87% in Nepal, and 95% in Pakistan. Azithromycin non-susceptibility was detected in 77 (2%) in Bangladesh, 9 (.67%) in Nepal and 9 (.59%) isolates in Pakistan. In Pakistan, three (2%) S. Paratyphi isolates were MDR; no MDR S. Paratyphi was reported from Bangladesh or Nepal. Conclusions: Although AMR against S. Paratyphi was low across the three countries, there was widespread drug resistance among S. Typhi, including FQ non-susceptibility and the emergence of XDR S. Typhi in Pakistan, limiting treatment options. As typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) is rolled out, surveillance should continue to monitor changes in AMR to inform policies and to monitor drug resistance in S. Paratyphi, for which there is no vaccine

Cloxacillin versus vancomycin for presumed late-onset sepsis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and the impact upon outcome of coagulase negative staphylococcal bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) is the main cause of late-onset sepsis in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). Although CONS rarely causes fulminant sepsis, vancomycin is frequently used as empiric therapy. Indiscriminate use of vancomycin has been linked to the emergence of vancomycin resistant organisms. The objective of this study was to compare duration of CONS sepsis and mortality before and after implementation of a policy of selective vancomycin use and compare use of vancomycin between the 2 time periods. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted of infants ≥4 days old, experiencing signs of sepsis with a first positive blood culture for CONS, during two 12-month periods. Late-onset sepsis was treated empirically with vancomycin and gentamicin during period 1, and cloxacillin and gentamicin during period 2. The confidence interval method was used to assess non-inferiority of the outcomes between the two study groups. RESULTS: There were 45 episodes of CONS sepsis during period 1 and 37 during period 2. Duration of sepsis was similar between periods (hazard ratio of 1.00, 95%CI: 0.64, 1.57). One death during period 2 was possibly related to CONS sepsis versus none in period 1. Vancomycin was used in 97.8% of episodes in period 1 versus 81.1% of episodes in period 2. CONCLUSION: Although we failed to show non-inferiority of duration of sepsis in the cloxacillin and gentamicin group compared to the vancomycin and gentamicin group, duration of sepsis was clinically similar. Restricting vancomycin for confirmed cases of CONS sepsis resistant to oxacillin appears effective and safe, and significantly reduces vancomycin use in the NICU

Inferring stabilizing mutations from protein phylogenies : application to influenza hemagglutinin

One selection pressure shaping sequence evolution is the requirement that a protein fold with sufficient stability to perform its biological functions. We present a conceptual framework that explains how this requirement causes the probability that a particular amino acid mutation is fixed during evolution to depend on its effect on protein stability. We mathematically formalize this framework to develop a Bayesian approach for inferring the stability effects of individual mutations from homologous protein sequences of known phylogeny. This approach is able to predict published experimentally measured mutational stability effects (ΔΔG values) with an accuracy that exceeds both a state-of-the-art physicochemical modeling program and the sequence-based consensus approach. As a further test, we use our phylogenetic inference approach to predict stabilizing mutations to influenza hemagglutinin. We introduce these mutations into a temperature-sensitive influenza virus with a defect in its hemagglutinin gene and experimentally demonstrate that some of the mutations allow the virus to grow at higher temperatures. Our work therefore describes a powerful new approach for predicting stabilizing mutations that can be successfully applied even to large, complex proteins such as hemagglutinin. This approach also makes a mathematical link between phylogenetics and experimentally measurable protein properties, potentially paving the way for more accurate analyses of molecular evolution