ANTIHYPERTENSION STUDY OF ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN). V. STEENIS EXTRACT AND ITS FRACTIONS IN RATS THROUGH DEXAMETHASONE INDUCTION AND NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE.

 Objective: The aims of this study were to prove the antihypertensive effect of Anredera cordifolia (Madeira vine) in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rat and to determine the release of nitric oxide (NO).Methods: The rat's blood pressure was measured by CODA® tail-cuff blood pressure system. A hypertensive rat model was developed on day 7 after administration of dexamethasone injection 0.5 mg/kg body weight (bw). NO levels were measured by spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 546 nm after reacting the serum sample with Griess reagent.Results: Ethanol extract of Madeira vine (EEMV), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and water fraction (WF) could reduce systolic blood pressure at day 14 with a diastolic blood pressure (DBP) reduction of 26.8, 34.1, and 40.5 mmHg, respectively. DBP began to decrease from day 8 in the EEMV group with a DBP reduction of 24.1 mmHg. In the HF, EF, and WF groups, decreasing in DBP occurred on day 14 which were 22.0, 24.5, and 35.4 mmHg, respectively. NO level in rat serum was increased significantly at 90 min after administration of EEMV 100 mg/kg bw and WF 40.73 mg/kg bw. Increasing in NO levels due to EF with a dose of 1.66 mg/kg bw was not significantly different to control group.Conclusion: Ethanol extract of A. cordifolia had the antihypertensive effect in dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rats, so does its WF and EF. The mechanism of ethanol extract of Madeira vine leaves and its WF most likely due to vasodilation effect through NO-pathway, whereas EF could have other mechanism(s) of action.Â

Repairing Effects of Aqueous Extract of Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers. on Lupus Nephritis Mice

Kalanchoe pinnata (Lmk) Pers (KP) has an immunosuppressive effect on delayed-type hyper- sensitivity test. Based on it, this research aimed to determine the repairing effects of aque- ous extract of KP on lupus nephritis mice and identified its active compound. The KP extract profile was determined using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS instrument. We examined six mice groups consisting of three curative treatment groups, one standard group receiving prednisone, one preventive group receiving KP extract, and one healthy (healthy and untreated) group. At the end of the experiment, we measured the proteinuria and renal histology parameters. To recognize the active compound in the KP profile, we performed in silico assays for the flavonoid compounds to bind to the glucocorticoid receptor. We played in silico tests for the flavonoid compounds to identify the active compound in the KP profile. We found the repairing effect of KP was detected in the kidney, demonstrated by its low proteinuria level and its better tissue structure. In the curative group, the urine protein level and its glomerular inflammation decreased. In the preventive group, the aqueous extract of KP could prevent lupus nephritis manifestations in the kidney. Bryophyllin A is the most active compound of the KP. However, further research is needed to understand the mechanism involved. We conclude, the aqueous extract, especially its bryophyllin A, have beneficial effects in repairing the function and tissue structure of lupus manifestations in mice kidney

Influence of Lean and Agile Management, Digital Transformation, and Transformational Leadership Toward Performance of Sumedang Government Apparatus

This investigation was prompted by the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, which created rapid changes in the bureaucratic environment. This initial study is intended to explain how the Indonesian bureaucracy responds to changes due to the pandemic. A literature study is used to aggregate some of the findings of the latest research in Indonesia and official and accountable reports on bureaucratic governance. General results showed that the bureaucracy in Indonesia is still very stuttering in carrying out its functions. Bureaucratic formalism, as an effect of the Weberian bureaucracy, finds its contradiction when the public needs fast and fair service. Still, the response required by the public does not accompany it. Further studies must be initiated to formulate an agile and public-centered bureaucratic model in the post-pandemic era. Keywords: bureaucracy, COVID-19, pandemi

AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI DAN ANTIJAMUR EKSTRAK ETANOL AKAR, BUNGA, DAN DAUN TURI (SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA L. POIR)

ABSTRAKPada masa kini semakin banyak ditemukan kasus infeksi terhadap bakteri dan jamur termasuk terhadap mikroba yang resisten. Pengembangan agen antimikroba baru perlu dilakukan dan salah satunya dapat berasal dari bahan alam. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dan antijamur ekstrak etanol akar, bunga, dan daun turi (Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir) terhadap mikroba uji, di antaranya Staphylococcus aureus, Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, dan Candida albicans. Aktivitas antibakteri dan antijamur ditentukan dengan metode mikrodilusi untuk mendapatkan nilai Konsentrasi Hambat Minimum (KHM) dan Konsentrasi Bunuh Minimum (KBM) masing-masing ekstrak terhadap mikroba uji. Selanjutnya dilakukan penentuan sifat kombinasi dari ekstrak yang potensial sebagai antimikroba dengan obat sintetik seperti vankomisin atau meropenem dengan metode difusi agar menggunakan pita kertas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari ketiga ekstrak etanol bagian tanaman turi, hanya bagian daun yang memiliki aktivitas antimikroba, yaitu terhadap S. aureus, MRSA, dan C. albicans. Aktivitas ekstrak etanol daun turi terhadap MRSA memiliki KHM dan KBM yang paling rendah secara berturut-turut yaitu 64 dan 2048 μg/mL. Kombinasi ekstrak etanol daun turi dengan vankomisin atau meropenem terhadap MRSA bersifat aditif.Kata kunci: Antibakteri, Antijamur, Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir, KHM, KBMANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF ETHANOL EXTRACT OF THE ROOTS, FLOWERS, AND LEAVES OF TURI (SESBANIA GRANDIFLORA L. POIR)ABSTRACTNowadays, the cases of infection by bacteria and fungi including resistant microbes are increasing. The development of new antimicrobial agents needs to be done and one of them can be derived from natural sources. This study aims to determine antibacterial and antifungal activity of ethanol extract of the roots, flowers, and leaves of turi (Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir) against some microbes including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Antibacterial and antifungal activity was determined by microdilution method to obtain the value of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal/Fungicidal Concentration (MBC) of each extract against tested microbes. Furthermore, the determination of the extract with potential activity in combination with synthetic drugs (i.e. vancomycin or meropenem) using agar diffusion method by using paper strips. Of the three ethanol extracts of different part of turi, only the leaves part have a potential antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, MRSA, and C. albicans. The lowest values of MIC and MBC were showed in the ethanol extract of turi leaves against MRSA which were 64 dan 2048 μg/mL, respectively. The combination of the ethanolextract of turi leaves with vancomycin or meropenem against MRSA showed an additive interaction.Keywords: Antibacterial, Antifungal, Sesbania grandiflora L. Poir, MIC, MB

Uji Aktivitas Ekstrak beberapa Tumbuhan terhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis Galur Sensitif dan Resisten

Telah diteliti aktivitas ekstrak etanol batang bratawali (Tinospora tuberculata Beumee), ekstrak etanol daun binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis), ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.), dan ekstrak etanol rimpang temu putih (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.)) terhadap Mycobacterium tuberculosis galur sensitif (H37Rv) dan resisten (HE dan SR). Ekstrak diuji pada konsentrasi 10, 20, 50, dan 100 μg/mL media dengan metode pengenceran agar. Bakteri diinokulasikan pada media yang mengandung larutan ekstrak atau obat pembanding kemudian diinkubasi pada 37°C lalu diamati setiap minggu mulai minggu keempat sampai minggu kedelapan. Dari keempat ekstrak yang diuji, hanya ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan M. tuberculosis galur HE dan SR pada konsentrasi 100 μg/mL media.Kata kunci : aktivitas antituberkulosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Tinospora tuberculata Beumee, Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis, Kaempferia galanga L., Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.

EFEK VASODILATASI DAN INHIBISI ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN FRAKSI DAUN BINAHONG (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN). V. STEENIS)

ABSTRAKEfek antihipertensi binahong pada model hewan hipertensi yang diinduksi dengan adrenalin dan deksametason telah dibuktikan pada penelitian sebelumnya. Pada penelitian ini, dikaji mekanisme kerja lebih lanjut dari efek antihipertensi ekstrak etanol daun binahong dan fraksinya. Pengujian secara ex vivo dilakukan dengan menggunakan aorta kelinci yang diinduksi dengan norepinefrin, metilen biru- norepinefrin, dan kalium klorida. Efek pemberian ekstrak etanol daun binahong (EEDB), fraksi n-heksana (FH), fraksi etil asetat (FE), dan fraksi air (FA) diamati pada kimograf lalu dihitung persen relaksasi dan waktu relaksasi. Pengujian secara in vitro dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hip-His-Leu sebagai substrat dan mengukur produk yang terbentuk secara spektrofotometri UV-sinar tampak pada panjang gelombang 228 nm. Dari data absorbansi, dihitung persen inhibisi angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) dan ditentukan nilai IC50. Pada kontraksi yang diinduksi norepinefrin, EEDB, FH, FE, dan FA menunjukkan persen relaksasi berturut-turut sebesar 60,9; 39,2; 48,2; dan 52,5%. Waktu relaksasi pada semua kelompok uji menurun secara signifikan terhadap kelompok yang diinduksi norepinefrin (p<0,05). Pada kontraksi yang diinduksi norepinefrin dengan pretreatmen metilen biru, persen relaksasi yang terjadi akibat pemberian EEDB, FH, FE, dan FA berturut-turut sebesar 21,4; 30,7; 21,6; dan 23,8% serta tidak terjadi penurunan waktu relaksasi. Pada kontraksi yang diinduksi KCl, persen relaksasi yang terjadi akibat pemberian EEDB, FH, FE, dan FA berturut-turut sebesar 42,2; 20,4; 49,1; dan 35,8%, akan tetapi tidak terjadi penurunan waktu relaksasi. Nilai IC50 pada pemberian EEDB, FH, FE, dan FA berturut-turut sebesar 22,63; 242,60; 115,77; dan 97,53 μg/mL. Ekstrak etanol daun binahong memiliki efek vasodilatasi melalui jalur NO, inhibisi kanal kalsium (lemah), dan inhibisi ACE (sedang). Fraksi n-heksana tidak menunjukkan efek inhibisi kanal kalsium dan inhibisi ACE, tetapi menunjukkan efek vasodilatasi melalui jalur NO. Fraksi etil asetat menunjukkan efek vasodilatasi melalui jalur NO, inhibisi kanal kalsium (lemah), serta inhibisi ACE (lemah). Fraksi air menunjukkan efek vasodilatasi melalui jalur NO serta inhibisi ACE (lemah), tetapi tidak menunjukkan efek inhibisi kanal kalsium.Kata kunci: Anredera cordifolia, binahong, vasodilatasi, nitrit oksida, inhibisi kanal kalsium, inhibisi angiotensin converting enzymeVASODILATATION AND ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITION EFFECT OF ETHANOL EXTRACT AND FRACTION FROM MADEIRA VINE (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN). V. STEENIS) LEAFABSTRACTThe antihypertensive effects of Anredera cordifolia (madeira vine) on adrenaline-induced and dexamethasone-induced hypertensive rat have been demonstrated in previous studies. In this study, mechanism of antihypertensive effect of ethanol extract of madeira vine leaves and its fraction studied further. Ex vivo experiment was performed using rabbit aortic rings induced with norepinephrine, methylene blue-norepinephrine, and potassium chloride. The respond of aortic rings to ethanol extract of madeira vine (EEMV), n-hexane fraction (HF), ethyl acetate fraction (EF), and water fraction (WF) were observed in the kymograph, then percentage of relaxation and relaxation time were calculated from the graph obtained. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor activity test was performed in vitro using Hip-His-Leu as the substrate. The product of enzymatic reaction measured using UV-visible spectrophotometry at wavelength 228 nm. From the absorbance data, percentage of enzyme inhibition was calculated and IC50 value was determined. In norepinephrine-induced contraction, EEMV, HF, EF, and WF showed percentage of relaxation 60.9; 39.2; 48.2; and 52.5%, respectively. Relaxation time of all groups were significantly decrease compared to norepinephrine group (p<0.05). In norepinephrine-induced contraction with methylene blue pretreatment, the percent of relaxation were 21.4; 30.7; 21.6; and 23.8%, respectively for EEMV, HF, EF, and WF, and there was no reduction in relaxation time. In KCl-induced contraction, the percentage of relaxation of EEMV, HF, EF, and WF were 42.2; 20.4; 49.1; and 35.8%, respectively, but no reduction in relaxation time. IC50 of EEMV, HF, EF, and WF were 20.76, 198.13, 115.77, and 88.41 μg/mL, respectively. The ethanol extract of madeira vine leaves showed vasodilator effect through the endothelium-dependent pathway, inhibition of calcium channel (weak), and ACE inhibition (moderate). The n-hexane fraction showed no inhibitory effect of calcium channel and ACE, but showed vasodilation effect via endothelium-dependent pathway. Vasodilation effect of ethyl acetate fraction occurred through the endothelium-dependent pathway, inhibition of calcium channel (weak), and ACE inhibition (weak). The water fraction showed vasodilation effect through endothelium-dependent pathway and inhibition of ACE (weak), but did not show calcium channel inhibition effect.Keywords: Anredera cordifolia, madeira vine, vasodilatation, nitric oxide, calcium channel blocker, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitio

Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Kombinasi Ekstrak Perikarp Manggis (Garcinia mangostana L.) dan Kelopak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) terhadap Bakteri Penginfeksi Kulit

Telah diteliti aktivitas antimikroba dari kombinasi ekstrak etanol perikarp manggis dan kelopak bunga rosella pada ketiga bakteri penginfeksi kulit yaitu Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Propionibacterium acnes. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro dengan metode mikrodilusi kemudian dilanjutkan pengujian secara topikal pada kulit punggung kelinci yang diinfeksi ketiga bakteri tersebut. Hasil pengujian secara in vitro menunjukan kombinasi ekstrak perikarp manggis dan kelopak bunga rosella memiliki aktivitas antibakteri yang sinergis terhadap S .aureus, S. epidermidis, dan P. acnes, dan mempercepat penyembuhan infeksi pada kulit punggung kelinci yang diinfeksi oleh ketiga bakteri tersebut (p > 0,05).Kata kunci: infeksi kulit, perikarp manggis, kelopak bunga rosella.AbstractThe antimicrobial activity of combination mangosteen pericarp and roselle calyx ethanol extract against bacterias that infect the skin such as Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Propionibacterium acnes had been studied. The in vitro test was conducted by microdilution method to determine the characteristic of extract combination, and gave topically to the back skin of rabbits. The results showed that the extract combination of mangosteen pericarp and roselle calyx have a synergistic antibacterial activity against S.aureus, S.epidermidis, and P.acnes by in vitro study, and accelerated healing time of infection on rabbits skin (p > 0.05).Keywords: skin's infection, mangosteen pericarp, roselle calyx

Pengaruh Kombinasi Ekstrak Umbi Lapis Bawang Putih Dan Ekstrak Rimpang Kunyit Terhadap Janin Mencit Swiss-Webster

The influence of solution of garlic (Allium sativum L.) in water and solution of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val.) in ethanol had been studied in pregnant Swiss-Webster mice. The garlic and turmeric extract were administered orally at dose level combination of 100:100, 500:500, and 1000:1000 mg/kg body weight on day sixth to fifteenth of gestation. The mother was sacrified on day eighteenth day of gestation to observe life fetus, resorption, and growth failure. One third of the fetuses were eviscerated for skeletal staining with alizarin red and two third of the fetuses were hardened with Bouin’s fixation solution. No malformation were found in the eviscerated group. Resorption of 1.11 % fetuses and 1.11 % growfail fetuses showed by extract combination of 100:100 mg/kg body weight. Growfail Growth failure of  4.59 % fetuses showed by extract combination of 500:500 mg/kg body weight. Resorption of  0.96  % fetuses showed by extract combination of 1000:1000 mg/kg body weight. The conclusion of this study, is that the combination of turmeric and garlic extract of 100:100 mg/kg body weight, which is equivalent to usual dose in human showed safe as herbal medicine, while in higher dose it is not recommended for pregnant woman

Pharmacological studies of the genus rice (Oryza L.): a literature review

Abstract Rice (Oryza L.) is an essential food for more than 50 percent of the world's population and is the world's second-largest grain crop. Pigmented rice comes in various colors, such as black, red, brown, and green. Anthocyanins, like cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-O-glucoside, are the primary color pigments in colored rice, whereas proanthocyanidins and flavan-3-ol oligosaccharides, with catechins as the central synthesis unit, are found in brown rice. This review article's aim is to give information and a summary of rice activities, research methods, also mechanisms of action (Oryza L.). Intake of pigmented rice was already associated with a number of health benefits, including antioxidant activity, anticancer, antitumor, antidiabetic activity, and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Rice contains several bioactive compounds, such as γ-oryzanol, phenolic acid, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phytosterols, which have been widely studied and shown to have several pharmacological activities. The use of current herbal compounds is rapidly increasing, including the practice of pharmacological disease prevention and treatment. Herbal remedies have entered the international market as a result of research into plant biopharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Through a variety of pharmacological activities, it is clear that Oryza L. is a popular herb. As a result, additional research on Oryza L. can be conducted to investigate more recent and comprehensive pharmacological effectiveness, to provide information and an overview of Rice (Oryza L.) activities, research methods, and mechanisms of action. Several natural substances are characterized by low water solubility, low stability, and sensitivity to light and oxygen, and the potential for poor absorption of the active substances requires modification of the formulation. To improve the effectiveness of pharmacologically active substances originating from natural ingredients, drug delivery systems that use lipid-based formulations can be considered innovations