Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents

This paper is a review of the literature on Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) in children and adolescents. Included in this review is information on the history of changes through which the diagnosis of ODD has gone, a comparison of children with ODD to normal children in terms of development, gender differences, co-morbidity, etiology, and treatment interventions

PERANCANGAN DAN REALISASI ANTENA MIKROSTRIP FRACTAL-BOWTIE FREKUENSI DUAL BAND (900 MHz & 1800 MHz) PADA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

Seiring dengan semakin bertumbuhnya kebutuhan masyarakat untuk berkomunikasi, maka teknologi untuk berkomunikasi pun yang dulunya masih menggunakan telepon kabel biasa juga mengalami perkembangan yang begitu pesat juga. Wireless communication merupakan salah satu sistem komunikasi yang paling mampu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan manusia sekarang ini karena wireless communication memungkinkan kita untuk bisa berkomunikasi tanpa harus dibatasi oleh jarak yang ada. Maka, pada tugas akhir ini dirancang dan direalisasikan antena mikrostrip fractal-bowtie yang bekerja pada frekuensi dual band yaitu pada frekuensi 900MHz dan 1800MHz sehingga bisa mendukung untuk komunikasi wireless pada GSM. Pembuatan antena terlebih dahulu dilakukan perhitungan secara matematis lalu disimulasikan di software CST dan setelah di dapat spesifikasi yang tepat maka antena akan dirancang, kemudian setelah antena selesai dirancang akan dilakukan pengukuran secara langsung kepada antena tersebut. Kesimpulannya pada tugas akhir ini didapatkan antena dengan penggunaan substrat FR-4 epoxy yang mampu bekerja di dua frekuensi yaitu 900 MHz dan 1800 MHz . Dengan return loss -10 dB , pola radiasi omnidirectional, dan bandwith yang lebih besar yaitu 40 MHz pada frekuensi 900 MHz dan 100 MHz pada frekuensi 1800 MHz dengan ukuran dimensi antena 6 cm x 10 cm. Kata Kunci : Antena mikrostrip,bowtie,fractal,GSM

Assessing Evolutionary Significant Units (ESU) of the Endangered Freshwater Pearl Mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) in Southeast Norway on the Basis of Genetic Analysis

A total of 312 specimens of freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) were sampled from 11 populations, located in four different river systems in Southeast Norway, and analyzed for 11 simple sequence repeat (SSR) (microsatellite) markers. All study populations have landlocked brown trout (Salmo trutta) as the only possible host. Several populations had experienced recruitment failure, probably due to low pH (about 6.0) and calcium concentration. STRUCTURE clustering analysis revealed two genetic clusters, of which one cluster occurred mainly in the western river systems, and totally dominated in one population (Fallselva (A-FAL)) that had higher genetic diversity than the others. Cluster 2 completely dominated in the populations of the eastern river systems, and all of them had low genetic diversity. Bottleneck events were indicated in all populations and the inbreeding coefficient FIS was significant in all populations, except for the southernmost population (Sørkedalselva (B-SØR)), which was the only population with genotypes in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. FIS were especially high in the populations of the eastern river systems, and maximum shell length was negatively correlated to FIS. If artificially breeding and stocking should become necessary for future preservation, it should be based on single populations; alternatively, the eastern populations should be based on cross-breeding of populations within the cluster to increase their genetic diversity.publishedVersio

"A qualitative investigation into the perceived benefits and barriers in accessing psychological services amongst first year university students".

Master of Arts in Clinical Psychology. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College 2015.Aim: This study aimed at investigating the perceived benefits and perceived barriers in accessing psychological services amongst 1st year humanities‟ students from University of KwaZulu-Natal (Howard College). Methodology: Purposive sampling was employed to select the 16 participants in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. The sample was stratified according to race and thematic analysis was used to analyse data. Results: The findings from this study suggest that the participants do not have sufficient knowledge regarding the purpose of psychological services and the psychologists‟ scope of practice. Gender roles, cultural belief and language were identified as barriers in accessing psychological services. Furthermore, participants indicated that denial, stigma and shame were perceived as indirect threats regarding their decisions to access psychological services and this was most likely the case when their illness had physical symptoms and appeared severe. The majority of the participants preferred other forms of interventions such as traditional healing, ancestral offerings and prayer. However these were dependent upon the participant‟s socio-cultural context. Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that even though the participants are aware of some of the benefits of utilising psychological services they often prefer sources of help that they are familiar with while the perceived barriers served as justification for not utilising these services even when they could easily access them within the university setting

Unique features of epicardial ventricular arrhythmias/premature ventricular complexes ablated from coronary venous system in veteran population

Introduction: Ventricular arrhythmias/premature ventricular complexes (VA/PVCs) that can be ablated from within the coronary venous system (CVS) have not been described in the United States Veterans Health Administration (VHA) population. We retrospectively studied the VA/PVCs ablations that were performed in the VHA population. Methods: Data from 42 consecutive patients who underwent VA/PVCs ablation at Veterans Affairs Hospital, Indianapolis, IN, with 44 VA/PVCs was included in the study. Patients were divided into two groups (CVS group [n = 10], and non-CVS group [n = 32]) based on where the earliest pre-systolic activation was seen with >95% pacematch. Results: The mean age in CVS group was 65 ± 8 years versus 64 ± 12 years (p = 0.69) in non-CVS group. Overall there was a statistically significant reduction in PVC burden post ablation (27.7% (pre-ablation) versus 4.7% (post-ablation). In the 10 patients in the CVS group, either ablation or catheter-related mechanical trauma resulted in complete (n = 6 [60%]) or partial (n = 4 [40%]) long-term suppression of VA/PVCs. Right bundle branch block-type VA/PVC (9/11: 82%) was the most common morphology in the CVS group, whereas in the non-CVS group, this type was seen in only 3/33 (9%). The CVS group (25% of total VA/PVCs) had shorter activation time compared to non CVS group. Conclusion: In our experience VA/PVCs with electrocardiograms suggestive of epicardial origin can often be safely and successfully ablated within the coronary venous system. These arrhythmias have unique features in Veterans patient population

Natural History Of Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Implanted At Or After The Age Of 70 Years In A Veteran Population A Single Center Study

Background: The median age of patients in major Implantable Cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)trials (MUSTT, MADIT-I, MADIT-II, and SCD-HeFT) was 63-67 years; with only 11% ≥70 years. There is little follow-up data on patients over 70 years of age who received an ICD for primary/secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death, particularly for veterans. Objective: The aim of this study was to study the natural history of ICD implantation for veterans over 70 years of age. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed single center ICD data in 216 patients with a mean age at implantation 76 ± 4 years. The ICD indication was primary prevention in 161 patients and secondary prevention in 55 patients. The ICD indication was unavailable in 4 patients. Results: Mean duration of follow up was 1686 ± 1244 days during which 114 (52%) patients died. Of these, 31% died without receiving any appropriate ICD therapy. Overall, 60/216 (28%) received appropriate therapy and 28/216 (13%) received inappropriate therapy. Patients who had ICD implantation for secondary prophylaxis had statistically more (p= 0.02) appropriate therapies compared to patients who had ICD implantation for primary prevention. Indication for implantation and hypertension predicted appropriate therapy, while age at the time of implantation and presence of atrial fibrillation predicted inappropriate therapies. Overall, 7.7% had device related complications. Conclusions: Although 28% septuagenarians in this study received appropriate ICD therapy, they had high rates of mortality, inappropriate therapy, and device complications. ICD implantation in the elderly merits individualized consideration, with higher benefit for secondary prevention

Cervical vagal nerve stimulation activates the stellate ganglion in ambulatory dogs

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies showed that, in addition to parasympathetic nerves, cervical vagal nerves contained significant sympathetic nerves. We hypothesized that cervical vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) may capture the sympathetic nerves within the vagal nerve and activate the stellate ganglion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We recorded left stellate ganglion nerve activity (SGNA), left thoracic vagal nerve activity (VNA), and subcutaneous electrocardiogram in seven dogs during left cervical VNS with 30 seconds on-time and 30 seconds off time. We then compared the SGNA between VNS on and off times. RESULTS: Cervical VNS at moderate (0.75 mA) output induced large SGNA, elevated heart rate (HR), and reduced HR variability, suggesting sympathetic activation. Further increase of the VNS output to >1.5 mA increased SGNA but did not significantly increase the HR, suggesting simultaneous sympathetic and parasympathetic activation. The differences of integrated SGNA and integrated VNA between VNS on and off times (ΔSGNA) increased progressively from 5.2 mV-s {95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25-9.06, p=0.018, n=7} at 1.0 mA to 13.7 mV-s (CI: 5.97-21.43, p=0.005, n=7) at 1.5 mA. The difference in HR (ΔHR, bpm) between on and off times was 5.8 bpm (CI: 0.28-11.29, p=0.042, n=7) at 1.0 mA and 5.3 bpm (CI 1.92 to 12.61, p=0.122, n=7) at 1.5 mA. CONCLUSION: Intermittent cervical VNS may selectively capture the sympathetic components of the vagal nerve and excite the stellate ganglion at moderate output. Increasing the output may result in simultaneously sympathetic and parasympathetic capture

Utvikling av mikrosatellitt multipleks PCR for genetiske studier av Margaritifera margaritifera

Mastergradsoppgave i næringsrettet bioteknologi, Avdeling for lærerutdanning og naturvitenskap, Høgskolen i Hedmark, 2010Norsk: Den utrydningstruede elvemuslingen (Margaritifera margaritifera) er en viktig nøkkeart i økosystemet den lever i. De siste hundre årene har det imidlertid vært en sterk nedgang i antall individer og populasjoner av elvemusling over hele Europa. Utvikling av polymorfe mikrosatellittmarkører vil kunne benyttes til kartlegging av genetisk variasjon for norske elvemusling populasjoner, og være et viktig verktøy til utarbeidelse av bevaringsbiologiske tiltak for elvemusling i Norge. Ved bruk av 454-sekvenseringsteknikk fikk vi identifisert 201 mikrosatellittloci, hvor 17 ble evaluert for inkludering i et multipleks PCR-oppsett. Kostnader ved genotyping er betydelige, derfor utviklet og optimaliserte vi to multipleks PCR-reaksjoner med henholdsvis 6 nyutviklede og 5 etablerte markører i PCR-reaksjonene. Et begrenset populasjonsstudie på 132 individer fra 5 populasjoner ble utført. Resultater viser at alle markørene er polymorfe, med gjennomsnittlig allelantall på 4,5 allel per loci. 4 av populasjonene viste svært liten genetisk variasjon og hadde flere monomorfe loci (gjennomsnittlig He: 0,02 – 0,15), mens den siste populasjonen viste god genetisk variasjon (gjennomsnittlig He: 0,53). Tester og analyser viste at markørene ga reproduserbare resultater med lav feilrate, utenom for to av markørene (Mm2235 og MarMa5167), som bør evalueres mer nøye. Dette studiet viser at det å utvikle multipleks PCR-oppsett for genotyping av elvemusling er oppnåelig.English: The threatened freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) plays an important role in the freshwater ecosystem. During the last century there has been a dramatically decline in freshwater pearl mussel populations all over Europe. Development of polymorphic microsatellite markers has the potential to estimate genetic variations in Norwegian pearl mussel populations, and be an important tool in developing conservation plans for the species. By using a 454-sequencing technique we were able to identify 201 microsatellite loci, where 17 of these were evaluated for use in a multiplex PCR system. The costs of genotyping are substantial, due to this reason we developed and optimized 2 multiplex PCR reactions with 6 new markers and 5 established markers. A limited population study was performed with results showing that all the markers are polymorphic, with average allel numbers of 4,5 alleles per loci. 4 of the population showed low genetic variation and had several monomorphic loci (average He: 0,02 – 0,15), while the last population had good genetic variation (average He: 0,53). Test and analysis showed that the markers gave reproducible results with a low margin of errors. This was not the case for 2 of the markers (Mm2235 and MarMa5167), which should be more thoroughly evaluated. This study shows that development of multiple PCR system for genotyping of fresh water pearl mussel is achievable