Bone Mass Preservation and Fracture Risk Assessment with Bisphosphonate Therapy During Spaceflight

Space exploration and microgravity have substantial negative effects on the human body. Symptoms of space explorers include cardiovascular deconditioning, bone loss, muscular atrophy, and impairment of neurovestibular and sensory function. The great loss of bone due long-duration spaceflight increases fracture risk, jeopardizing the success of the mission and postflight recovery. Bisphosphonates may be able to counteract this bone loss by altering the remodeling process. These drugs increase bone mass, thus reducing fracture risk, but also lead to increased levels of fatigue microdamage. Fracture risk can be lowered by increasing both bone mass (quantity) and bone quality. The purpose of this study was to create a computer model to simulate bisphosphonate treatment on astronauts while traveling in space in order to examine the ability of bisphosphonates to maintain bone mass in a microgravity environment and reduce fracture risk of bone upon return to Earth. Various bisphosphonate treatment potencies and bone balance ratios given at different time points (either at or before spaceflight) were examined. Flight duration was also varied to examine short-term (10 days) to long-term (1 year) effects of microgravity on bone mineral density (BMD), a measure commonly used to estimate bone strength, and damage accumulation. The model predicted bisphosphonate treatments with low to intermediate suppression of remodeling activation and that create higher bone balance ratios cause reductions in fracture risk. The simulation also predicted significant changes to BMD and damage upon return to Earth as the remodeling response readjusted to higher stress conditions. For treatments highly suppressing remodeling activation, these predicted postflight changes included decreased BMD and increased damage accumulation. Low levels of remodeling suppression led the model to predict substantial increases in BMD and small increases in damage postflight. Postflight changes were minimal for treatments with intermediate suppression

Federal Preemption: A Roadmap for the Application of Tribal Law in State Courts

This article contends that state courts are not necessarily free to apply state law when the courts are exercising concurrent adjudicative jurisdiction with tribal courts. Instead, Indian law principles of preemption direct state courts to apply tribal law in certain cases. A guiding principle emerges from the preemption analysis: if a tribe has legislative jurisdication over the dispute, tribal law must ordinarily be applied. In these instances, a state\u27s laws, including its choice-of-law rules, are preempted by federal common law because their application interferes with the federal government\u27s and the tribes\u27 interest in promoting tribal self-government, including the tribes\u27 ability to create laws and have those laws applied to disputes over which they have jurisdiction. This article differs in a significant respect from other articles addressing the application of tribal law in state courts. Some commentators have argued that state courts should incorporate tribal law into their traditional choice-of-law analysis. While this argument is certainly viable, it fails to recognize the primacy of tribal law and tribal interests in certain instances. The forum bias inherent in state choice-of-law rules provides limited protection to tribes\u27 sovereignty interest. To the extent that the states\u27 choice-of-law rules can be bypassed, they should be

Compromising Liberty: A Structural Critique of the Sentencing Guidelines

This Article contends that the federal sentencing guidelines-whether mandatory or discretionary-violate the constitutional separation of powers by impermissibly interfering with a criminal jury\u27s constitutional duty to act as a check against government overreaching. This Article posits that the inclusion of the criminal jury in Article III of the Constitution was intended as an inseparable element of the constitutional system of checks and balances. This Article also submits a proposal for restoring the constitutional balance through the creation of a guideline jury system within the current guideline structure. The implementation of a guideline jury system would fill the constitutional void created by the current sentencing regime without destroying its underlying benefits. By making the jury a larger part of the guideline structure, the sentencing guidelines would no longer violate the separation of powers and the criminal jury would be reinstated as a viable check against government overreaching. In Part I, this Article examines the Supreme Court\u27s recent decision in United States v. Booker, specifically how the Court lost an opportunity to restore the jury to its rightful place in our tripartite system of government. By pronouncing the sentencing guidelines discretionary instead of mandatory, the Court simply transferred unchecked power from the hands of the prosecutor to the hands of the federal bench. In Part II, this Article illustrates how the sentencing guidelines interfere with the jury\u27s constitutional role by systematically discouraging a criminal defendant from asserting her right to a jury trial. While most case law and guideline critiques focus on the sentencing factors that increase a criminal defendant\u27s sentence, this Article focuses on the guideline mechanisms that decrease the sentence. Criminal defendants are routinely waiving their right to a jury trial based on these incentives. In Part III, this Article discusses the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Patton v. United States where the Court made the unsupported declaration that Article III and the Sixth Amendment were to be read in pari materia. This Article contends that the Framers included the jury in Article III as a structural check against untrustworthy federal judges and overreaching by the Legislative and Executive Branches. Finally, in Part T, this Article submits a proposal for restoring the constitutional balance. It contends that the equilibrium can be restored through the creation of a guideline jury system within the current guideline structure. By making the jury a larger part of the guideline structure the criminal jury, albeit in a different form, would be reinstated as a meaningful part of the constitutional system of checks and balances

Teaching Social Justice, Expanding Access to Justice: An Introduction

Teaching Social Justice, Expanding Access to Justice: An Introduction provides an introduction to the publications in this issue focusing on the need for a change in legal education to promote the moral and ethical obligation of providing affordable and accessible legal services. The article introduces this issues\u27 publications which all support the underlying theme of providing social justice to the underprivileged by making legal services accessible or reforming legal education to promote a new generation of attorneys with an underlying passion for fostering affordable and accessible public service

Pemberdayaan Ibu Rumah Tangga Melalui Pembuatan Handsanitizer Dalam Upaya Pencegahan Covid-19

Housewives have an important role to play in supporting government programs in preventing the spread of COVID-19 at the household level. Community service activities aim to provide understanding to partners so that they have knowledge and concern about preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the application of the 5M health protocol, increasing creativity in efforts to prevent the spread of COVID-19 through education on how to make hand sanitizers from natural ingredients of betel leaf (Piper betle Linn) which are mostly found in Sukorejo Village. The method used in this activity is counseling by providing material through lectures and distributing hand sanitizer finished products. The implementation of this service activity in the form of dissemination of the prevention of the spread of COVID-19 involves active participation from partners starting from the activity planning process, preparation of activity schedules to education on how to make and distribute hand sanitizers. This activity generated ideas for partners who are mostly housewives to empower themselves in supporting government programs to prevent the spread of COVID-19 by practicing how to make natural hand sanitizers from betel leaf. Thus, the expected output from this activity is an increase in IRT knowledge in preventing the spread of COVID-19, how to manufacture, packaging hand sanitizers, and participants to obtain sample products which can increase interest in producing similar products and commitment to implementing health protocols in preventing the spread of COVID-19

The transformation of the system of regulating technical-nautical services: the use of the price cap

Nadahnuti idejama koje se razlikuju od onih koje se trenutačno koriste, u radu se analizira struktura tržišta lučkih usluga ukazujući pri tome na činjenicu da je u Italiji moguće koristiti i druga sredstva kojima se regulira tržište. Shema talijanskih propisa, utvrđena zakonom iz 84/94, može se smatrati polaznom točkom od koje se treba krenuti kako bi lučke usluge i lučke pristojbe postale još konkurentnije. Promjena regulative je značajna osobito u slučaju kad monopolist nudi i druge usluge koje se razlikuju od onih koje pruža kao monopolist. Stoga bi predloženi model bio mnogo prikladniji i riješio bi problem izračuna, a kojeg postojeći sustav ne uzima u obzir. U radu je istaknut i tehničko-normativni aspekt, a data su i neka razmišljanja s time u vezi. Procjene koje su date u odnosu na slučaj luke Genova ukazuju na činjenicu kako je davanje zemljišta u koncesiju od strateške važnosti za procjenu modaliteta ustupa vlasništva nad lučkim terminalima. Izrazit ćemo i neka razmišljanja u tom pogledu, dajući i neke prijedloge za izmjenu propisa.This paper analyses the structure of the market of the port services and shows that, in Italy, it is possible to imagine the use of other tools to regulate the market, inspired by ideas which are different from those currently used. The Italian regulation scheme as established in the law 84/94 can be seen as the starting point from which to work to make it further competitive in terms of the service provided and in terms of the tariffs. The change of the regulating instrument is important especially when the monopolist also offers other services, different from those managed as a monopolist. Therefore the model suggested would appear to be more suitable and it resolves the accounting problem which the current system does not take into account. In this work, the technical-normative aspects will be pointed out, and some reflections on the theme will be expressed. The evaluations which are made with reference to the case of the port of Genoa show how the issue of the ground rent concession is strategic for the assessment and the modalities of the assignment of the port terminals. We will express some opinions on the above, providing as well some proposals for the amendment in the regulatory scheme

ANALISIS LITERATUR PENERAPAN MODEL PROBLEM BASED LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR IPA DI SEKOLAH DASAR

Dalam pembelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar diperlukan penggunaan model pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode studi literatur. Penelitian ini melakukan analisis dari berbagai artikel, jurnal, dan dokumen mengenai penerapan model Problem Based Learning terhadap hasil belajar IPA di sekolah dasar. Tinjauan pustaka ini berfokus pada model Problem Based Learning (PBL) dan hasil belajar IPA di sekolah dasar. Dalam pembelajaran memerlukan peran model pembelajaran yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan mata pelajaran. Penerapan model pembelajaran memiliki peran penting sebagai strategi pembelajaran dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar. Berdasarkan hasil studi literatur, model PBL ini berpengaruh untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar IPA. Diharapkan seluruh elemen masyarakat sekolah dasar dapat mendukung penerapan model PBL untuk mengoptimalkan hasil belajar siswa

Mekanisme Good Corporate Governance terhadap Manajemen Laba

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji apakah terdapat pengaruh mekanisme Good Corporate Governance (GCG) terhadap manajemen laba pada perusahaan manufaktur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 64 perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepemilikan manajerial dan proporsi dewan direksi secara individual mempengaruhi manajemen laba, sedangkan kepemilikan institusional dan komite audit individual tidak berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba. Kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional, proporsi dewan komisaris independen dan ukuran komite audit secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi manajemen laba. Simpulan, secara individu kepemilikan manajerial dan proporsi dewan komisaris independen berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba. Namun, kepemilikan institusional dan ukuran komite audit secara individu tidak menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap manajemen laba. Kemudian berdasarkan hasil uji F, kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional, proporsi dewan komisaris independen dan ukuran komite audit secara simultan berpengaruh terhadap manajemen laba pada perusahaan manufaktur di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2016-2018. Kata Kunci: Manajemen Laba, Mekanisme Tata Kelola Perusahaa

Judicial Attitudes Toward Confronting Attorney Misconduct: A View From the Reported Decisions

Over the last 20 years, a rich body of literature has emerged to describe the increasingly complex system of lawyer regulation in the United States. This article studies the available data from the Code of Judicial Conduct and federal and state court opinions to glean a richer understanding of how judges construct their individual and institutional role in this web of attorney regulation. The picture that emerges from the reported decisions in both state and federal court is a desire to maintain the integrity of the judicial process and a concern for the efficiency and fairness in the proceeding before the court. Concern for the integrity of the legal profession as an independent concern appears to play a lesser role in judges\u27 attitudes, at least as reflected in the reported decisions. There is an obvious connection between the legal profession and the judicial system, but regulating attorney conduct is derivative or secondary to the larger goals of a fair and efficient legal proceeding. This picture of judicial attitudes toward confronting attorney misconduct appears to reflect a seasoned and thoughtful assessment of the institutional capabilities of judges