PPARs and Bone Metabolism

In this paper we present first analyses and results of a comprehensive measurement campaign investigating the propagation channel in case of direct (base station free) communication between railway vehicles. The measurements cover urban, suburban and rural environments along a multifaceted regional railway network in the south of Bavaria. Beside different operational conditions like front, rear, and flank approaches of trains, we investigated several topological scenarios on both, single and double track sections along the line. We will also discuss the observed characteristic changes in narrow band signal attenuation and Doppler spectra for passages through forests, hilly areas, stations and a tunnel

Rural development, population aging and gender in Spain: the case of rural women in the autonomous community of Castilla y León

The transformation that rural areas have undergone during the last 30 years constitutes a very important phenomenon in Spain, but it is especially relevant in certain regions such as the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León. The constant process of depopulation, which a great number of villages of that region are suffering, primarily caused by the continuous transfer of labour force from agriculture activities to the industrial sector and, more recently, towards the service sector of urban areas, is provoking the progressive demographic and economic decadence of rural areas. In this context, women played a key role in the process of rural exodus, especially in the case of young women. This trend has created highly aged, male rural populations, with few potential human resources, which are incapable of sustaining and promoting economic and social development in the future. This project attempts to determine to which extent women have been and continue to be the protagonists of the social and economic transformations which have affected rural areas during the last decades. To this aim, we will undertake an analysis by sex of different demographic, economic and social variables at the municipal level, which will show women’s spatial situation, according to rural criteria. We will also undertake a prospective analysis of the population evolution of these rural areas, in order to obtain a probable demographic scenario which rural women will have to face in the future. The specific focus of this study will be the territory of the Autonomous Community of Castilla y León. The results of this analysis will serve as a very useful reference for the public authorities as well as for private agents of this and other Spanish regions whenever they have to design alternative policies and actions regarding the role that rural women play and will play in the economic maintenance and development of rural areas. This is especially true given that, until now, studies which focus on the quantitative analysis of the economic and social situation of rural women have been practically nonexistent.

Evaluación del impacto de la inversión en infraestructura del transporte en el crecimiento de la economía en Colombia

El crecimiento económico de largo plazo y la prosperidad de una sociedad dependen en gran medida de la cantidad y la calidad del capital de la misma. Según Antunes et al (2010), este capital puede ser natural, humano, institucional y físico. El último de ellos, puede ser aportado bien sea por el gobierno o por agentes privados. En Colombia, y en la gran mayoría de los países en desarrollo, las grandes obras de infraestructura y en particular las del transporte, son emprendidas por las entidades gubernamentales.26 p.Contenido parcial: Diagnóstico y propuesta para la infraestructura del transporte en Colombia -- La conducta de los consumidores -- La conducta de las empresas - Competencia monopolística -- La demanda de factores -- El comercio exterior -- Cierre macroeconómico

High-technologies, armed conflicts and human security

El examen de las amenazas para la seguridad y el bienestar de las personas inherentes al concepto de seguridad humana exige ocuparse también de las consecuencias que la utilización de las altas tecnologías puedan ocasionar en relación con los conflictos armados actuales. De ahí que en este trabajo abordemos los cambios relevantes en la naturaleza y características de los nuevos conflictos armados provocados por la celeridad y amplitud en el empleo de altas tecnologías y su desigual distribución entre los beligerantes, tal y como muestran las llamadas guerras de coste cero, de cuarta generación o asimétricas, e incluso las híbridas. Asimismo, el desarrollo reciente de las capacidades militares cibernéticas, de los sistemas de armas autónomos y de los vehículos aéreos no tripulados plantea nuevos retos al Derecho Internacional Humanitario, aspectos contemplados en este estudio.Today, a global analysis of the concept of “Human security” requires a necessary approach to the consequences of high-technologies and their relationship with new categories of armed conflicts. The speed and breadth in the use of high technology in recent years, next to its unequal distribution between the belligerents, have led to significant changes in the nature and characteristics of the new armed conflicts (as shown by zero casualty warfare, asymmetric and hybrid warfare or cyber warfare). Revolutionary advances in emerging technologies of warfare, notably those relying on cyberspace warfare capabilities, autonomous weapon systems and drones, give rise to new challenges in the field of International Humanitarian Law

The use of "drones" and International Humanitarian Law: Some Issues

The use of "drones" has grown over the past decade, giving rise to a host of legal and other issues. At the international level, their use as means of warfare may entail significant risks for civilian protection and may challenge existing rules of International Humanitarian Law. As rapid advances continue to be made in new and emerging technologies of warfare, particularly those relying on "lethal" autonomous weapons systems, it is important to identified many of the humanitarian and legal issues raised by these weapons. The purpose of this paper is to attempt to outline some aspects of the international legal framework applicable to the use of drones in situations or armed conflict, including their implications for existing norms of International Humanitarian Law prohibiting or limiting the use of certain weapons.Universidad de Málaga.Campues de Excelencia Internacional Andalucia Tec