International auctions between 1843 and 1936. The national artistic heritage for sale

La presente comunicación analiza una serie de catálogos de subastas editados entre 1843 y 1936, donde llama la atención una presencia significativa de piezas procedentes de lo que hoy se hubiese catalogado como Patrimonio Artístico Nacional inexportable. Se analizan las circunstancias históricas, políticas y sociales que las pusieron en el circuito del mercado del arte internacional, así como se identifican dos nuevos factores que contribuyeron a su expolio: la supresión de los mayorazgos y las Exposiciones de Arte Retrospectivo.The present paper analyzes several catalogs of auctions published between 1843 and 1936, where a significant presence of pieces coming from The National Artistic Heritage. We analyzed the historical, political and social circumstances that put them on the international art market circuit, as well as identify two new factors that contributed to their plunder: the suppression of the primogenitures and Retrospective Art Exhibitions

Emancipación y pluralismo: Algunas cuestiones sobre el emotivismo

En el presente artículo pretendemos mostrar cómo la idea de emancipación pudiera estar lastrada en la actualidad por la idea de la necesidad de no interferencia en los asuntos del otro. Ello se justifica por la aceptación del pluralismo como un valor irrenunciable. El tratamiento de este valor como absoluto propiciará un relajamiento en el enjuiciamiento moral, reduciendo el reproche a casos extremos, que en la práctica pueden equipararse a las normas positivas sancionadoras, equiparando la extensión de la moral con lo reglado positivamente. Para ello tomaremos parcialmente a MacIntyre, su crítica al “pluralismo” y su análisis del emotivismo

Experiences in evaluating multilingual and text-image information retrieval

23 pages, 8 figures.One important step during the development of information retrieval (IR) processes is the evaluation of the output regarding the information needs of the user. The "high quality" of the output is related to the integration of different methods to be applied in the IR process and the information included in the retrieved documents, but how can "quality" be measured? Although some of these methods can be tested in a stand-alone way, it is not always clear what will happen when several methods are integrated. For this reason, much effort has been put into establishing a good combination of several methods or to correctly tuning some of the algorithms involved. The current approach is to measure the precision and recall figures yielded when different combinations of methods are included in an IR process. In this article, a short description of the current techniques and methods included in an IR system is given, paying special attention to the multilingual aspect of the problem. Also a discussion of their influence on the final performance of the IR process is presented by explaining previous experiences in the evaluation process followed in two projects (MIRACLE and OmniPaper) related to multilingual information retrieval.This work has been partially supported by the projects OmniPaper (European Union, 5th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development, IST-2001-32174), NEDINE (E-Content project Ref.: 22225), and GPS Project—Software Process Management Platform: modeling, reuse, and measurement (National Research Plan, TIN2004-07083).Publicad

Positional voting rules generated by aggregation functions and the role of duplication

Producción CientíficaIn this paper, we consider a typical voting situation where a group of agents show their preferences over a set of alternatives. Under our approach, such preferences are codied into individual positional values which can be aggregated in several ways through particular functions, yielding positional voting rules and providing a social result in each case. We show that scoring rules belong to such class of positional voting rules. But if we focus our interest on OWA operators as aggregation functions, other well-known voting systems naturally appear. In particular, we determine those ones verifying duplication (i.e., clone irrelevance) and present a proposal of an overall social result provided by them.Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (ECO2012-32178)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación – Ref. VA066U13

Demo 33. Inducción electromagnética y el transformador

Objetivo: 1.- Observar fenómenos de inducción mediante elementos móviles. 2.- Observar fenómenos de inducción mediante corrientes variables con el tiempo. 3.- Establecer la estructura de un transformador de eléctrico

Rewilding urban areas to maintain ecosystem services and ecological tourism: the case of Saler's Devesa, València, Spain

[EN] The Saler's Devesa is a case of a failed tourist project to urbanize a historical protected forest inside the metropolitan area of València in Spain. In the 1970s, the government started actions to urbanize this area. In fact, all the public works and some buildings were built. However, in the 1980s the new democratic government decided to rewild the area and "deconstruct" the urban development works that had already been built. The case allows knowing the process of rewilding and the difficulties to do it. On the other hand, currently in developed countries, metropolitan areas simultaneously present a stabilized population and a great surface extension. In this situation, the sustainability of these urban areas has focused on managing the city already consolidated by renovation or regeneration processes and rewilding open spaces, developing green infrastructures. Because of this, we focused our attention on researching one of the few cases that exists on rewilding urban areas. The green infrastructure concept has been used in the case of La Devesa to maintain and increase ecosystem services. In addition,these actions allow promotion of ecological tourism inside the area. The research question is "What should be the idea of society's progress when touristic urban development growth is no longer possible or desirable?" The article analyses the historical process of rewilding and rethinking the idea of progress in the current situation.Miralles García, JL.; Martínez Llorens, F. (2020). Rewilding urban areas to maintain ecosystem services and ecological tourism: the case of Saler's Devesa, València, Spain. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (Online). 248:177-189. https://doi.org/10.2495/ST200151S17718924

Pedagogical Coordination in Secondary Schools from a Distributed Perspective. Adaptation of the Distributed Leadership Inventory (DLI) in the Spanish Context

Introduction: Leadership as the second factor in school improvement needs potential leaders to be effective. Method: The present study aimed to know the potential capacity of leaders in Spanish secondary schools through the adaptation of the DLI questionnaire to Spanish. To accurately adapt this questionnaire, the present research group conducted content validity processes in 2017, using the Delphi Method, in which eight experts from the Spanish Network for Research into Leadership and Academic Improvement were invited to participate (RILME). As part of a pilot test, preliminary tools were administered to 547 participants from secondary schools in Granada and Jaén (Spain). Results: The present study reports on the adaptation of the DLI instrument within the Spanish context. Acceptably high values were obtained in the analysis of reliability and internal consistency, suggesting that this item can be reliably utilised for the exploration of the dynamics of internal functioning in secondary education and the evaluation of the distribution of leadership characteristics. Conclusions: The pilot study highlights how heads of studies and department heads are potential leaders, making it easier to set up and sustain educational projects in schools.Spanish Government FPU14/0505

Assessment Method and Scale of Observation Influence Ecosystem Service Bundles

[EN] The understanding of relationships between ecosystem services and the appropriate spatial scales for their analysis and characterization represent opportunities for sustainable land management. Bundles have appeared as an integrated method to assess and visualize consistent associations among multiple ecosystem services. Most of the bundle assessments focused on a static framework at a specific spatial scale. Here, we addressed the effects of applying two cluster analyses (static and dynamic) for assessing bundles of ecosystem services across four different scales of observation (two administrative boundaries and two sizes of grids) over 13 years (from 2000 to 2013). We used the ecosystem services matrix to model and map the potential supply of seven ecosystem services in a case study system in the central high-Andean Puna of Peru. We developed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the matrix. The differences between the configuration, spatial patterns, and historical trajectories of bundles were measured and compared. We focused on two hypotheses: first, bundles of ecosystem services are mainly affected by the method applied for assessing them; second, these bundles are influenced by the scale of observation over time. For the first hypothesis, the results suggested that the selection of a method for assessing bundles have inferences on the interactions with land-use change. The diverse implications to management on ecosystem services support that static and dynamic assessments can be complementary to obtain better contributions for decision-making. For the second hypothesis, our study showed that municipality and grid-scales kept similar sensitivity in capturing the aspects of ecosystem service bundles. Then, in favorable research conditions, we recommend the combination of a municipal and a fine-grid scale to assure robustness and successfully land-use planning processes.Madrigal-Martínez, S.; Miralles García, JL. (2020). Assessment Method and Scale of Observation Influence Ecosystem Service Bundles. Land. 9(10):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9100392S119910Liu, J., Mooney, H., Hull, V., Davis, S. J., Gaskell, J., Hertel, T., … Li, S. (2015). Systems integration for global sustainability. Science, 347(6225). doi:10.1126/science.1258832Abson, D. J., von Wehrden, H., Baumgärtner, S., Fischer, J., Hanspach, J., Härdtle, W., … Walmsley, D. (2014). Ecosystem services as a boundary object for sustainability. Ecological Economics, 103, 29-37. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.012Spellerberg, I., Vos, C. C., & Opdam, P. (1993). Landscape Ecology of a Stressed Environment. The Journal of Ecology, 81(3), 599. doi:10.2307/2261549Vihervaara, P., Rönkä, M., & Walls, M. (2010). Trends in Ecosystem Service Research: Early Steps and Current Drivers. AMBIO, 39(4), 314-324. doi:10.1007/s13280-010-0048-xLee, H., & Lautenbach, S. (2016). A quantitative review of relationships between ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 66, 340-351. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.004Mouchet, M. A., Lamarque, P., Martín-López, B., Crouzat, E., Gos, P., Byczek, C., & Lavorel, S. (2014). An interdisciplinary methodological guide for quantifying associations between ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 28, 298-308. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.012Cord, A. F., Bartkowski, B., Beckmann, M., Dittrich, A., Hermans-Neumann, K., Kaim, A., … Volk, M. (2017). Towards systematic analyses of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: Main concepts, methods and the road ahead. Ecosystem Services, 28, 264-272. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.07.012Howe, C., Suich, H., Vira, B., & Mace, G. M. (2014). Creating win-wins from trade-offs? Ecosystem services for human well-being: A meta-analysis of ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in the real world. Global Environmental Change, 28, 263-275. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.07.005Deng, X., Li, Z., & Gibson, J. (2016). A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 26(7), 953-968. doi:10.1007/s11442-016-1309-9Renard, D., Rhemtulla, J. M., & Bennett, E. M. (2015). Historical dynamics in ecosystem service bundles. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(43), 13411-13416. doi:10.1073/pnas.1502565112Madrigal-Martínez, S., & Miralles i García, J. L. (2019). Land-change dynamics and ecosystem service trends across the central high-Andean Puna. Scientific Reports, 9(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-019-46205-9Stürck, J., Schulp, C. J. E., & Verburg, P. H. (2015). Spatio-temporal dynamics of regulating ecosystem services in Europe – The role of past and future land use change. Applied Geography, 63, 121-135. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2015.06.009Hou, Y., Lü, Y., Chen, W., & Fu, B. (2017). Temporal variation and spatial scale dependency of ecosystem service interactions: a case study on the central Loess Plateau of China. Landscape Ecology, 32(6), 1201-1217. doi:10.1007/s10980-017-0497-8Xu, S., Liu, Y., Wang, X., & Zhang, G. (2017). Scale effect on spatial patterns of ecosystem services and associations among them in semi-arid area: A case study in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Science of The Total Environment, 598, 297-306. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.009Raudsepp-Hearne, C., & Peterson, G. D. (2016). Scale and ecosystem services: how do observation, management, and analysis shift with scale—lessons from Québec. Ecology and Society, 21(3). doi:10.5751/es-08605-210316Rodríguez, L. C., Pascual, U., & Niemeyer, H. M. (2006). Local identification and valuation of ecosystem goods and services from Opuntia scrublands of Ayacucho, Peru. Ecological Economics, 57(1), 30-44. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.022Bennett, E. M., Peterson, G. D., & Gordon, L. J. (2009). Understanding relationships among multiple ecosystem services. Ecology Letters, 12(12), 1394-1404. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01387.xRaudsepp-Hearne, C., Peterson, G. D., & Bennett, E. M. (2010). Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(11), 5242-5247. doi:10.1073/pnas.0907284107Tomscha, S. A., & Gergel, S. E. (2016). Ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies misunderstood without landscape history. Ecology and Society, 21(1). doi:10.5751/es-08345-210143Lavorel, S., Bayer, A., Bondeau, A., Lautenbach, S., Ruiz-Frau, A., Schulp, N., … Marba, N. (2017). Pathways to bridge the biophysical realism gap in ecosystem services mapping approaches. Ecological Indicators, 74, 241-260. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.11.015Li, T., Lü, Y., Fu, B., Hu, W., & Comber, A. J. (2019). Bundling ecosystem services for detecting their interactions driven by large-scale vegetation restoration: enhanced services while depressed synergies. Ecological Indicators, 99, 332-342. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2018.12.041Wei, H., Fan, W., Lu, N., Xu, Z., Liu, H., Chen, W., … Dong, X. (2019). Integrating Biophysical and Sociocultural Methods for Identifying the Relationships between Ecosystem Services and Land Use Change: Insights from an Oasis Area. Sustainability, 11(9), 2598. doi:10.3390/su11092598Hamann, M., Biggs, R., & Reyers, B. (2015). Mapping social–ecological systems: Identifying ‘green-loop’ and ‘red-loop’ dynamics based on characteristic bundles of ecosystem service use. Global Environmental Change, 34, 218-226. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.07.008Dou, H., Li, X., Li, S., & Dang, D. (2018). How to Detect Scale Effect of Ecosystem Services Supply? A Comprehensive Insight from Xilinhot in Inner Mongolia, China. Sustainability, 10(10), 3654. doi:10.3390/su10103654Cui, F., Tang, H., Zhang, Q., Wang, B., & Dai, L. (2019). Integrating ecosystem services supply and demand into optimized management at different scales: A case study in Hulunbuir, China. Ecosystem Services, 39, 100984. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2019.100984Qiao, X., Gu, Y., Zou, C., Xu, D., Wang, L., Ye, X., … Huang, X. (2019). Temporal variation and spatial scale dependency of the trade-offs and synergies among multiple ecosystem services in the Taihu Lake Basin of China. Science of The Total Environment, 651, 218-229. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.135Roces-Díaz, J. V., Vayreda, J., Banqué-Casanovas, M., Díaz-Varela, E., Bonet, J. A., Brotons, L., … Martínez-Vilalta, J. (2018). The spatial level of analysis affects the patterns of forest ecosystem services supply and their relationships. Science of The Total Environment, 626, 1270-1283. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.150Spake, R., Lasseur, R., Crouzat, E., Bullock, J. M., Lavorel, S., Parks, K. E., … Eigenbrod, F. (2017). Unpacking ecosystem service bundles: Towards predictive mapping of synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 47, 37-50. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.08.004Dade, M. C., Mitchell, M. G. E., McAlpine, C. A., & Rhodes, J. R. (2018). Assessing ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies: The need for a more mechanistic approach. Ambio, 48(10), 1116-1128. doi:10.1007/s13280-018-1127-7Saidi, N., & Spray, C. (2018). Ecosystem services bundles: challenges and opportunities for implementation and further research. Environmental Research Letters, 13(11), 113001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aae5e0Crouzat, E., Mouchet, M., Turkelboom, F., Byczek, C., Meersmans, J., Berger, F., … Lavorel, S. (2015). Assessing bundles of ecosystem services from regional to landscape scale: insights from the French Alps. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(5), 1145-1155. doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12502Van der Biest, K., D’Hondt, R., Jacobs, S., Landuyt, D., Staes, J., Goethals, P., & Meire, P. (2014). EBI: An index for delivery of ecosystem service bundles. Ecological Indicators, 37, 252-265. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.006Egoh, B. N., Reyers, B., Rouget, M., & Richardson, D. M. (2011). Identifying priority areas for ecosystem service management in South African grasslands. Journal of Environmental Management, 92(6), 1642-1650. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.01.019Martín-López, B., Iniesta-Arandia, I., García-Llorente, M., Palomo, I., Casado-Arzuaga, I., Amo, D. G. D., … Montes, C. (2012). Uncovering Ecosystem Service Bundles through Social Preferences. PLoS ONE, 7(6), e38970. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038970Yang, G., Ge, Y., Xue, H., Yang, W., Shi, Y., Peng, C., … Chang, J. (2015). Using ecosystem service bundles to detect trade-offs and synergies across urban–rural complexes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 136, 110-121. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.12.006Queiroz, C., Meacham, M., Richter, K., Norström, A. V., Andersson, E., Norberg, J., & Peterson, G. (2015). Mapping bundles of ecosystem services reveals distinct types of multifunctionality within a Swedish landscape. AMBIO, 44(S1), 89-101. doi:10.1007/s13280-014-0601-0Turner, K. G., Odgaard, M. V., Bøcher, P. K., Dalgaard, T., & Svenning, J.-C. (2014). Bundling ecosystem services in Denmark: Trade-offs and synergies in a cultural landscape. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 89-104. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.02.007Kühne, O., & Duttmann, R. (2019). Recent Challenges of the Ecosystems Services Approach from an Interdisciplinary Point of View. Raumforschung und Raumordnung Spatial Research and Planning, 0(0). doi:10.2478/rara-2019-0055Birkhofer, K., Diehl, E., Andersson, J., Ekroos, J., Früh-Müller, A., Machnikowski, F., … Smith, H. G. (2015). Ecosystem services—current challenges and opportunities for ecological research. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2. doi:10.3389/fevo.2014.00087Rieb, J. T., Chaplin-Kramer, R., Daily, G. C., Armsworth, P. R., Böhning-Gaese, K., Bonn, A., … Bennett, E. M. (2017). When, Where, and How Nature Matters for Ecosystem Services: Challenges for the Next Generation of Ecosystem Service Models. BioScience, 67(9), 820-833. doi:10.1093/biosci/bix075Vallet, A., Locatelli, B., Levrel, H., Wunder, S., Seppelt, R., Scholes, R. J., & Oszwald, J. (2018). Relationships Between Ecosystem Services: Comparing Methods for Assessing Tradeoffs and Synergies. Ecological Economics, 150, 96-106. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.002Zheng, Z., Fu, B., Hu, H., & Sun, G. (2014). A method to identify the variable ecosystem services relationship across time: a case study on Yanhe Basin, China. Landscape Ecology, 29(10), 1689-1696. doi:10.1007/s10980-014-0088-xMADRIGAL-MARTINEZ, S., & MIRALLES I GARCIA, J. L. (2019). 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A., & Burgman, M. A. (2013). Toward rigorous use of expert knowledge in ecological research. Ecosphere, 4(7), art83. doi:10.1890/es12-00415.1Roche, P. K., & Campagne, C. S. (2019). Are expert-based ecosystem services scores related to biophysical quantitative estimates? Ecological Indicators, 106, 105421. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.05.052INEI—National Institute of Statistics and Informatics National censushttps://www.inei.gob.pe/estadisticas/censos/Ryden, K. (1987). Environmental Systems Research Institute Mapping. The American Cartographer, 14(3), 261-263. doi:10.1559/152304087783875930Charrad, M., Ghazzali, N., Boiteau, V., & Niknafs, A. (2014). NbClust: AnRPackage for Determining the Relevant Number of Clusters in a Data Set. Journal of Statistical Software, 61(6). doi:10.18637/jss.v061.i06Hill, M. O. (1973). Diversity and Evenness: A Unifying Notation and Its Consequences. Ecology, 54(2), 427-432. doi:10.2307/1934352Jost, L. (2006). Entropy and diversity. 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Understanding land use changes in the central High-Andean moist Puna

[EN] Mountain ecosystems around the world are facing rapid land-cover changes, which have received much attention among scientists, managers, and policy-makers. A growing scientific production has been possible by free and open access data and the use of remote sensing and geographic information system tools. In this context, our study quantified the land-use changes across 25 provinces in the central high-Andean moist Puna over the interval of 13 years, using a selection of eleven land-use/cover types included in the standardized nomenclature of the Corine Land Cover for Peru. Thereafter, we determine the importance of social-economic driving factors in two time periods, from 2000 to 2009 and 2009 to 2013. The results described three spatial patterns: (1) a North¿South division, (2) two different trends described by intensification/de-intensification agriculture, and (3) persistent forestland deterioration. Overall, our study reveals that agriculture in densely occupied provinces is the leading land-use change process negatively affecting pasture and forest extent. Moreover, understanding the spatial patterns of changes in the extent and their explanatory variables is important for clarifying land-use change trajectories. We hope our study will support spatial decision-making in complex mountain landscapes.Madrigal-Martínez, S.; Miralles García, JL. (2019). Understanding land use changes in the central High-Andean moist Puna. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (Online). 238:175-186. https://doi.org/10.2495/SC190161S17518623