Las implicaciones de la reforma energética para Tabasco

Esta investigación tiene como finalidad aportar elementos de análisis y discusión para la reflexión sobre la temática relacionada con los aspectos socioculturales que genera el petróleo en una entidad petrolera como Tabasco. Así como identificar algunas de las implicaciones positivas o negativas para la economía local y analizar los aciertos y desaciertos que se han generado a partir de la aprobación de reforma energética en el año 2013. En esta entidad, la economía del estado había sido desde el siglo pasado una economía de vocación natural, sin embargo, la explotación intensiva de hidrocarburos desde los años 80s derivado del Boom petrolero trajo como consecuencia la transformación hacia una economía petrolizada. La economía tradicional basada en el sector primario (agricultura, ganadería, pesca y las agroindustrias) pasó a ser una economía altamente petrolizada caracterizada por un proceso de migración del campo hacia la ciudad capital así como de otras entidades del país. Hoy después de 40 años de explotación intensiva de la actividad petrolera los tabasqueños seguimos observando el nulo crecimiento en los sectores primario y secundario en contraste con la evolución del sector terciario gigante. Con las expectativas de la reforma energética aprobada en 2013 se espera que se genere un nuevo "mini" boom petrolero con las consecuencias positivas o negativas para Tabasco que aquí se plantean. El método utilizado en esta investigación es analítico y descriptivo y la metodología es mayormente de tipo cuantitativa mediante un modelo deductivo con el criterio que va de lo general a lo particula

Long-Term Assessment of a Service Robot in a Hotel Environment

Producción CientíficaThe long term evaluation of the Sacarino robot is presented in this paper. This study aimed to improve the robot`s capabilities as a bellboy in a hotel; walking alongside the guests, providing information about the city and the hotel and providing hotel-related services. The paper establishes a three-stage assessment methodology based on the continuous measurement of a set of metrics regard- ing navigation and interaction with guests. Sacarino has been automatically collecting information in a real hotel environment for long periods of time. The acquired information has been analyzed and used to improve the robot's opera- tion in the hotel through successive re nements. Some interesting considerations and useful hints for the researchers of service robots have been extracted from the analysis of the results.Junta de Castilla y León (Programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación-Ref. VA036U14)Junta de Castilla y León (programa de apoyo a proyectos de investigación - Ref. VA013A12-2)Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad (Grant DPI2014-56500-R

LOS EFECTOS DE LA MIGRACIÓN EN EL DESARROLLO REGIONAL DE LA FRONTERA SUR

Este trabajo tiene como finalidad explicar mediante un estudio diagnostico los efectos de la migración en el desarrollo regional de la frontera sur. Así como, analizar los indicadores de pobreza y la migración para proponer estrategias que atiendan la problemática de la economía en esta frontera. En la actualidad las personas esperan mejores condiciones de vida para ellos y sus familias, que, al no encontrarlas en su lugar de origen, se ven obligadas a salir en búsqueda de nuevas oportunidades y mejores expectativas. Este es el caso de la migración de personas que se presenta como un fenómeno entre las sociedades que comparten una frontera. En la frontera sur, los migrantes provienen de siete países centroamericanos y tienen que cruzar el estado de Tabasco que es uno de los pasos obligados para ingresar a este país, muchos se quedan aquí desempeñando alguna labor que le permita cubrir sus necesidades básicas, pero muchos más siguen su camino en el intento de llegar a los Estados Unidos. El estado de Tabasco es una de las entidades del sureste mexicano en donde los problemas para el sano desarrollo de su economía han crecido considerablemente sobre todo en los últimos años. El sano desarrollo de esta región se ha visto impactado por diversos factores externos tales como: el cambio climático, los flujos migratorios, la sequía, las inundaciones y los altos índices de violencia y delincuencia que afectan las actividades del sector primario. La metodología utilizada es enfoque cualitativo, revisión de estadísticas y la consulta de datos relacionados con el desarrollo que nos permitan plantear estrategias alternativas para la economía regional

LOS EFECTOS DE LA POBREZA Y LA MARGINACIÓN EN EL DESARROLLO REGIONAL

Las desigualdades sociales en los municipios de Tabasco en la frontera con Guatemalase ven reflejadas en los altos indicadores de pobreza y marginación de su población, que junto con la migración masiva de Centroamérica están impactandoen las principales actividades económicas en esta región.Para lograr el desarrollo económico es necesario impulsarpolíticas públicasque atiendan de manera integral esta problemática y proponer estrategias que ayuden a mejorar la economía para mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. Por su parte es importante señalar que estudios relacionados con la migración interna de México,los migrantes proceden de comunidades, pueblos y ciudades de todo México, pero la migración intensa se concentra, sobre todo en 109 municipios de los2,456 que tiene el país. Sin embargo, más del 50%, de los municipios de la república padecen un alto grado de marginación, que implica un alto grado de pobreza. En el mundo globalizado en el que se desarrolla la economía, las personas esperan mejores condiciones de vida para ellos y sus familias que no encuentran en su lugar de origen por lo que se ven obligadas a salir en busca de nuevas oportunidades y mejores expectativas. En el caso de los flujos migratorios este fenómeno se presenta entre las sociedades que comparten una frontera común por ello es prioritaria implementar las acciones necesarias que ayuden a mejorar la atención de los migrantes a su paso por esta zona. El presente trabajo tiene la finalidad de analizar los principales indicadores económicos que están frenando el desarrollo regional que están influyendo en la economía local,su relación con la pobreza, lamarginación, la violencia y la delincuencia. La metodología utilizada en este ensayo es de tipo cuantitativa

Synthesis, conformational analysis, and cytotoxicity of conformationally constrained aplidine and tamandarin A analogues incorporating a spirolactam β-turn mimetic

With the aim of studying the contribution of the β II turn conformation at the side chain of didemnins to the bioactive conformation responsible for their antitumoral activity, conformationally restricted analogues of aplidine and tamandarin A, where the side chain dipeptide Pro8-N-Me-d-Leu7 is replaced with the spirolactam β II turn mimetic (5R)-7-[(1R)-1-carbonyl-3-methylbutyl]-6-oxo-1,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonane, were prepared. Additionally, restricted analogues, where the aplidine (pyruvyl9) or tamandarin A [(S)-Lac9] acyl groups are replaced with the isobutyryl, Boc, and 2-methylacryloyl groups, were also prepared. These structural modifications were detrimental to cytotoxic activity, leading to a decrease of 1−2 orders of magnitude with respect to that exhibited by aplidine and tamandarin A. The conformational analysis of one of these spirolactam aplidine analogues, by NMR and molecular modeling methods, showed that the conformational restriction caused by the spirolactam does not produce significant changes in the overall conformation of aplidine, apart from preferentially stabilizing the trans rotamer at the pyruvyl9−spirolactam amide bond, whereas in aplidine both cis and trans rotamers at the pyruvyl9−Pro8 amide bond are more or less equally stabilized. These results seem to indicate a preference for the cis form at that amide bond in the bioactive conformation of aplidine. The significant influence of this cis/trans isomerism upon the cytotoxicity suggests a possible participation of a peptidylprolyl cis/trans isomerase in the mechanism of action of aplidine.This work was supported by CICYT (Grant SAF2000-0147), MCYT-FEDER (Grant BIO2002-2301), Generalitat de Catalunya (Group Consolidat 1999SGR0042 and Centre de Referència en Biotecnologia), and Pharma Mar, S.A

Adjuvant therapy sparing in rectal cancer achieving complete response after chemoradiation

AIM: To evaluate the long-term results of conventional chemoradiotherapy and laparoscopic mesorectal excision in rectal adenocarcinoma patients without adjuvant therapy. METHODS: Patients with biopsy-proven adenocarcinoma of the rectum staged cT3-T4 by endoscopic ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging received neoadjuvant continuous infusion of 5-fluorouracil for five weeks and concomitant radiotherapy. Laparoscopic surgery was planned after 5-8 wk. Patients diagnosed with ypT0N0 stage cancer were not treated with adjuvant therapy according to the protocol. Patients with ypT1-2N0 or ypT3-4 or N+ were offered 5-fluorouracil-based adjuvant treatment on an individual basis. An external cohort was used as a reference for the findings. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy six patients were treated with induction chemoradiotherapy and 170 underwent total mesorectal excision. Cancer staging of ypT0N0 was achieved in 26/170 (15.3%) patients. After a median follow-up of 58.3 mo, patients with ypT0N0 had five-year disease-free and overall survival rates of 96% (95%CI: 77-99) and 100%, respectively. We provide evidence about the natural history of patients with localized rectal cancer achieving a complete response after preoperative chemoradiation. The inherent good prognosis of these patients will have implications for clinical trial design and care of patients. CONCLUSION: Withholding adjuvant chemotherapy after complete response following standard neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and laparoscopic mesorectal excision might be safe within an experienced multidisciplinary team

Identification of novel risk loci, causal insights, and heritable risk for Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in Parkinson's disease have increased the scope of biological knowledge about the disease over the past decade. We aimed to use the largest aggregate of GWAS data to identify novel risk loci and gain further insight into the causes of Parkinson's disease. / Methods: We did a meta-analysis of 17 datasets from Parkinson's disease GWAS available from European ancestry samples to nominate novel loci for disease risk. These datasets incorporated all available data. We then used these data to estimate heritable risk and develop predictive models of this heritability. We also used large gene expression and methylation resources to examine possible functional consequences as well as tissue, cell type, and biological pathway enrichments for the identified risk factors. Additionally, we examined shared genetic risk between Parkinson's disease and other phenotypes of interest via genetic correlations followed by Mendelian randomisation. / Findings: Between Oct 1, 2017, and Aug 9, 2018, we analysed 7·8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms in 37 688 cases, 18 618 UK Biobank proxy-cases (ie, individuals who do not have Parkinson's disease but have a first degree relative that does), and 1·4 million controls. We identified 90 independent genome-wide significant risk signals across 78 genomic regions, including 38 novel independent risk signals in 37 loci. These 90 variants explained 16–36% of the heritable risk of Parkinson's disease depending on prevalence. Integrating methylation and expression data within a Mendelian randomisation framework identified putatively associated genes at 70 risk signals underlying GWAS loci for follow-up functional studies. Tissue-specific expression enrichment analyses suggested Parkinson's disease loci were heavily brain-enriched, with specific neuronal cell types being implicated from single cell data. We found significant genetic correlations with brain volumes (false discovery rate-adjusted p=0·0035 for intracranial volume, p=0·024 for putamen volume), smoking status (p=0·024), and educational attainment (p=0·038). Mendelian randomisation between cognitive performance and Parkinson's disease risk showed a robust association (p=8·00 × 10−7). / Interpretation: These data provide the most comprehensive survey of genetic risk within Parkinson's disease to date, to the best of our knowledge, by revealing many additional Parkinson's disease risk loci, providing a biological context for these risk factors, and showing that a considerable genetic component of this disease remains unidentified. These associations derived from European ancestry datasets will need to be followed-up with more diverse data. / Funding: The National Institute on Aging at the National Institutes of Health (USA), The Michael J Fox Foundation, and The Parkinson's Foundation (see appendix for full list of funding sources)

Identification of Candidate Parkinson Disease Genes by Integrating Genome-Wide Association Study, Expression, and Epigenetic Data Sets

Importance Substantial genome-wide association study (GWAS) work in Parkinson disease (PD) has led to the discovery of an increasing number of loci shown reliably to be associated with increased risk of disease. Improved understanding of the underlying genes and mechanisms at these loci will be key to understanding the pathogenesis of PD. / Objective To investigate what genes and genomic processes underlie the risk of sporadic PD. / Design and Setting This genetic association study used the bioinformatic tools Coloc and transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) to integrate PD case-control GWAS data published in 2017 with expression data (from Braineac, the Genotype-Tissue Expression [GTEx], and CommonMind) and methylation data (derived from UK Parkinson brain samples) to uncover putative gene expression and splicing mechanisms associated with PD GWAS signals. Candidate genes were further characterized using cell-type specificity, weighted gene coexpression networks, and weighted protein-protein interaction networks. / Main Outcomes and Measures It was hypothesized a priori that some genes underlying PD loci would alter PD risk through changes to expression, splicing, or methylation. Candidate genes are presented whose change in expression, splicing, or methylation are associated with risk of PD as well as the functional pathways and cell types in which these genes have an important role. / Results Gene-level analysis of expression revealed 5 genes (WDR6 [OMIM 606031], CD38 [OMIM 107270], GPNMB [OMIM 604368], RAB29 [OMIM 603949], and TMEM163 [OMIM 618978]) that replicated using both Coloc and TWAS analyses in both the GTEx and Braineac expression data sets. A further 6 genes (ZRANB3 [OMIM 615655], PCGF3 [OMIM 617543], NEK1 [OMIM 604588], NUPL2 [NCBI 11097], GALC [OMIM 606890], and CTSB [OMIM 116810]) showed evidence of disease-associated splicing effects. Cell-type specificity analysis revealed that gene expression was overall more prevalent in glial cell types compared with neurons. The weighted gene coexpression performed on the GTEx data set showed that NUPL2 is a key gene in 3 modules implicated in catabolic processes associated with protein ubiquitination and in the ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process in the nucleus accumbens, caudate, and putamen. TMEM163 and ZRANB3 were both important in modules in the frontal cortex and caudate, respectively, indicating regulation of signaling and cell communication. Protein interactor analysis and simulations using random networks demonstrated that the candidate genes interact significantly more with known mendelian PD and parkinsonism proteins than would be expected by chance. / Conclusions and Relevance Together, these results suggest that several candidate genes and pathways are associated with the findings observed in PD GWAS studies

Identification of sixteen novel candidate genes for late onset Parkinson’s disease

Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative movement disorder affecting 1–5% of the general population for which neither effective cure nor early diagnostic tools are available that could tackle the pathology in the early phase. Here we report a multi-stage procedure to identify candidate genes likely involved in the etiopathogenesis of PD. Methods The study includes a discovery stage based on the analysis of whole exome data from 26 dominant late onset PD families, a validation analysis performed on 1542 independent PD patients and 706 controls from different cohorts and the assessment of polygenic variants load in the Italian cohort (394 unrelated patients and 203 controls). Results Family-based approach identified 28 disrupting variants in 26 candidate genes for PD including PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1(PARK7), LRRK2, HTRA2, FBXO7, EIF4G1, DNAJC6, DNAJC13, SNCAIP, AIMP2, CHMP1A, GIPC1, HMOX2, HSPA8, IMMT, KIF21B, KIF24, MAN2C1, RHOT2, SLC25A39, SPTBN1, TMEM175, TOMM22, TVP23A and ZSCAN21. Sixteen of them have not been associated to PD before, were expressed in mesencephalon and were involved in pathways potentially deregulated in PD. Mutation analysis in independent cohorts disclosed a significant excess of highly deleterious variants in cases (p = 0.0001), supporting their role in PD. Moreover, we demonstrated that the co-inheritance of multiple rare variants (≥ 2) in the 26 genes may predict PD occurrence in about 20% of patients, both familial and sporadic cases, with high specificity (> 93%; p = 4.4 × 10− 5). Moreover, our data highlight the fact that the genetic landmarks of late onset PD does not systematically differ between sporadic and familial forms, especially in the case of small nuclear families and underline the importance of rare variants in the genetics of sporadic PD. Furthermore, patients carrying multiple rare variants showed higher risk of manifesting dyskinesia induced by levodopa treatment. Conclusions Besides confirming the extreme genetic heterogeneity of PD, these data provide novel insights into the genetic of the disease and may be relevant for its prediction, diagnosis and treatment