1,476 research outputs found
A measurement of crime control-based social exclusion
Comparative criminal justice policy has a strong inclination to confront national crime control systems in accordance to corresponding levels of punitiveness. Some author (Díez-Ripollés, 2011, 2013) has advocated for a more enriched and comprehensive comparative framework, which is founded in either the social inclusion or the social exclusion effects that different crime control systems entail on three specific groups: suspects, offenders and ex-offenders. To this end, it identifies nine topic pools (control of public spaces, legal safeguards, sentencing and sanctions systems, harshest penalties, prison rules, preventive intervention, legal and social status of offenders and ex-offenders, police and criminal records, youth criminal justice), each of them comprising a number of punitive rules or practices. Assuming this model, we are designing and validating a comparative instrument able to measure current criminal policy of Western industrialized countries in accordance to the social inclusion / social exclusion dimension. In order to achieve this goal we have chosen a methodology, which intends to establish an inter-judge agreement on the social exclusive character of a certain amount of punitive rules and practices previously included within those pools. In this presentation, we will explain how we designed the questionnaire sent to the experts, as well as the results of the first validation process. This took place with the cooperation of over 70 international experts from 18 different Western industrialized countries. The inter-judge agreement on the punitive rules and practices capable of producing significant social exclusive effects on the three studied groups was verified through inter-rater reliability (IRR) statistical tests, like the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Aiken's V Coefficient. We will also describe the pending validation process. Once available, we intend to draw attention of the criminological community to this tool for comparing national crime control systems, and to promote its application.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Challenges for the protection of unaccompanied foreign minors in the streets of Ceuta
Ceuta, as a Spanish enclave in Africa face specific challenges in terms of immigration. Due the proximity of Ceuta and Morocco, the residents of Moroccan provinces adjoining are exempted from visa requirements and can be authorized to enter and exit the
Spanish city, on a daily basis, but not the rest of the national territory. A number of the people that cross this border are minors, many of them come from adjoining provinces and enter legally, with their passports, accompanied by their parents or a relative who abandon them in Spanish territory, with the aim that they could get a better life and help their family economically. Others come from other provinces and undertake this trip alone, often with the same responsibility, of helping their family, and stay on the land
border between Morocco and Spain for days or even months trying to sneak across the border illegally.
These minors scape from the system, they are unprotected, exposed to criminal and victimological risk. Besides, their presence on the streets generate a sense of public insecurity and social alarm, although the crime rate of this group is low, negative labels
are applied to them. In this context, Ceuta, specifically the Department of Health, Social Affairs, Minors and Equality, has signed an agreement with the University of Málaga, implemented by the Observatory of the Crime control system towards Immigration
(OCSPI), to develop a pilot project of research and social intervention to prevent juvenile delinquency and protect these minors.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Criminological analysis of the principle of judicial opportunity of the art. 57.7 of Spanish Immigration Law: Waiving of criminal proceedings and primacy of administrative expulsion
Spanish Immigration Law provides (art. 57.7) that where a foreigner, on which is pending an administrative expulsion order, is accused in a penal procedure with a misdemeanour or felony which entails a punishment less than six years of imprisonment or any alternative penal sanction, administrative authority will request to the criminal judge to renounce continuing with the penal procedure and allowed the expulsion, and judge will renounce unless some circumstances will be appreciated to justify the continuation of the process.
This regulation, manifestation of the principle of judicial opportunity, has been widely analyzed from a legal perspective, but little research has been done about its effective implementation in practice and about the costs and benefits derived from this ius puniendi's renunciation from the point of view of the purposes of punishment.
With the overall aim of deepening the knowledge of this topic, the research we are doing aims to: 1) determine the prevalence of its application; 2) identify the profile of foreigners and offenses for which it is applied; and 3) identify which criteria are guiding the assessment of the court decision. Our hypothesis are that: i) there are some dysfunctions that hampered the application and also the knowledge of the exact number of authorizations granted and that ii) in practice, the assessment of costs and benefits that implies authorization in each case, is omitted.
To achieve the first objective we are reviewing official statistics and judiciary/prosecutors instructions and conducting interviews with key stakeholders. To achieve the second and the third objectives, we are reviewing a sample of selected case files of trial courts of Madrid and Malaga, which also allows us to make comparisons between practices of both jurisdictions. The results obtained would allow us to develop good practices that could be useful for legal actors in the assessment of approval or denial the expulsion.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Impactos de estrategias para la reducción de prácticas policiales discriminatorias
Diversos
estudios
han
puesto
de
manifiesto
que
la
policía
usa
“perfil
étnico”
en
sus
prácticas
policiales,
restando
así
eficacia
a
las
intervenciones
y
estigmatizando
innecesariamente
a
ciudadanos
pertenecientes
a
colectivos
minoritarios
(Miller
et
al.,
2007).
La
Open
Society
Justice
Inicitive
diseñó
el
proyecto
STEPSS
(Strategies
for
Effective
Police
Stop
and
Search)
donde
se
resaltaba
la
importancia
de
mejorar
las
relaciones
policiales
con
los
colectivos
minoritarios
a
través
de
la
formación
policial,
el
desarrollo
de
un
sistema
de
control
de
la
gestión
policial
y
la
rendición
de
cuentas
en
materia
de
identificaciones
en
la
vía
pública
(Schmitt
y
Pernas,
2008).
Tiempo
después,
y
a
través
de
la
Plataforma
por
la
gestión
policial
por
la
diversidad
(PGPD),
se
pone
en
marcha
el
Programa
para
la
Identificación
Policial
Eficaz
(PIPE)
en
dos
localidades
españolas
(Castellón
y
Pedrezuela).
El
presente
trabajo
se
enfoca
en
el
proceso
de
evaluación
de
PIPE
y
en
su
impacto.
La
metodología
empleada
combina
el
análisis
de
los
formularios,
la
realización
de
entrevistas
a
informantes
clave
y
la
observación
directa.
Los
principales
resultados
indican
que,
a
pesar
de
que
la
implementación
de
PIPE
requiere
aún
de
cierto
desarrollo
por
parte
de
los
municipios
que
lo
han
acogido
(por
ejemplo
en
el
control
de
formularios,
rendición
de
cuentas
y
contacto
con
la
sociedad
diversa),
lo
cierto
es
que
se
puede
afirmar
el
potencial
del
programa
en
la
práctica
policial
para
reducir
el
número
de
identificaciones
y
mejorar
su
eficacia.
Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Evaluación de la eficacia y eficiencia del Programa O2 para el restablecimiento de mujeres víctimas de tratas y sus hijos
El programa piloto ÖDOS (O2) para el restablecimiento de mujeres víctimas de trata, enteramente financiado con capital privado, pretende atender a mujeres con hijos o en avanzado estado de gestación que acceden de forma irregular a España y no se reconocen como víctimas de trata, no entrando por tanto en los recursos existentes y desapareciendo de los centros de primera asistencia. Tanto la Memoria de la Fiscalía General del Estado de 2015, como los Informes del Defensor del Pueblo alertan de la situación de riesgo de estas mujeres y niños que desaparecen posiblemente a manos de la red que trafica con ellos. El objetivo del programa es facilitar un entorno estable y un acompañamiento personal y profesional que permita el restablecimiento de la mujer. Se pretende con ello aumentar el número de mujeres que se acogen al periodo de reflexión y reducir el número de menores a los que se les decreta desamparo. Con la pretensión última de que este proyecto sea asumido por la Administración y de que pueda ser replicado en otros países europeos, se ha encargado una evaluación externa al Observatorio criminológico del sistema penal ante la inmigración (OCSPI) del Instituto de Criminología de Málaga para comprobar la eficiencia y eficacia del programa O2. Con el estudio de la eficiencia se comprobará si se ha ejecutado conforme al plan previamente diseñado, y luego comprobar su eficacia, esto es, el impacto de dicho programa sobre las mujeres y sus hijos. El presente trabajo se centra en la metodología de evaluación de O2. El diseño metodológico que se propone combina un estudio cuantitativo sobre el número de mujeres que acceden al recurso, sus características y diversas formas de abandono del programa, junto al análisis de los protocolos de intervención, entrevistas a informantes clave y observación directa al comienzo, a los seis meses y al año de iniciado el programa.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
Criminal Justice Systems in Europe. A cross-national quantitative analysis
In the last years, the Crime Observatory of the University of Malaga has analysed police records on criminal activity, has also carried out several crime victims surveys in Spain and has worked on a detailed analysis of the prison system and its connection to the prison policy.
This year´s report focuses on the Criminal Justice System, one of the big official data providers, to gather, organize and interpret a great deal of quantitative data from 2000 to 2011. Such longitudinal scrutiny offers data related to public opinion about criminal courts, the quality of criminal justice, its resources, the amount of criminal cases managed on each court, a user´s profile, etc.
On this presentation, we´ll concentrate on a comparison of the European countries that constitutes the first chapter of the Report and aims to offer a proper context to the rest of it. Such comparison will explain the national differences in terms of the public budget allocated to courts, legal aid, court fees, incoming criminal cases, length of procedures, clearance rate, as well as homicide, rape, serious assault and robbery convictions, etc.
Our aim will be to offer an interesting cross-national analysis of such topics that will provide a reference point from which to debate the national policies related to the Criminal Justice System in the European Countries.Instituto Andaluz Interuniversitario de Criminología. Sección de Málag
Foreign youth in prison: Invisible population in the dynamics of social exclusion
Spain has been a territory of arrival of foreign unaccompanied minors since the 1990s. A growing concern, as the number of minors arriving from Morocco continuing to grow, is their protection and social inclusion, especially after they reach the age of 18. Once they have come of age, resources for support and protection are scarce. Exploratory research in the province of Malaga (Spain) identified a considerable number of foreigners who are former foster youths in prison, but there is no record of this group in the statistics of penitentiary institutions. The aim of JEPRAN project (Former Foster Youths in Andalusian Prisons, 2021 -2023) is to visualize the challenge faced by Andalusian society in the inclusion of former foster youths and to identify the social and legal crossroads they encounter during their migration path and transition to adulthood. At the Andalusian level, the JEPRAN project will seek to identify how many of the young people in prison are foreign who have been fostered by the child protective services. Our hypothesis is that this group are overrepresented, and we aim to identify risk and protection variables in comparison with young people released from prison. Bearing in mind that this is an ongoing project, this presentation seeks to discuss from a methodological perspective the strategies and difficulties encountered during fieldwork with an invisible population, as well as presenting the preliminary results of this research.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech
¿Los conocimientos criminológicos modulan la actitud punitiva?
The aim is to show how punitive attitudes usually arise from ignorance of the functions and operation of the criminal justice system. We start from the assumption that knowledge of reality criminal, of offender and of criminal reaction make that punitive demands are lower than when you had a stereotyped knowledge of that reality. This has been a survey at the beginning and end of the semester to a treatment group, formed by the students of 1st Grade of Criminology, and a control group composed of students of 1st Law of the same University. The results show that students change their punitive attitude when their have deep understanding of the reality of crime, reducing their punitive attitude with respect to their attitude al the beginning of the semester.El objetivo es demostrar cómo las actitudes punitivas más rigurosas suelen tener su origen en el desconocimiento de las funciones y del funcionamiento del sistema penal. Se parte de la hipótesis de que el conocimiento de la realidad delictiva, del delincuente y de la reacción penal hacen que las exigencias punitivistas sean menores que cuando se tenía un conocimiento estereotipado de dicha realidad. Para ello se ha pasado una encuesta al inicio y finalización del semestre a un grupo de tratamiento, formado por los alumnos de 1º del Grado de Criminología, y un grupo de control compuesto por alumnos de 1º de Derecho de la misma Universidad. Los resultados muestran que los conocimientos adquiridos producen un cambio significativo en su actitud punitiva, reduciéndose ésta con respecto a su actitud al inicio del curso
The Pacific Alliance and the potential effects of a Trans-Pacific Economic Cooperation Agreement without the United States
This article analyzes the possible consequences of the entry into force of the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) without the United States for the countries of the Pacific Alliance (PA). It develops a descriptive analysis of the evolution of trade between PA countries and TPP member countries during the period 1980-2015. Gravitational models are also estimated to empirically examine the determinants of trade flows in these countries. As a result, the paper shows that TPP may favor trade flows in PA countries, and that the withdrawal of the U.S. from TPP would not affect these trade flows.Este artículo analiza las posibles consecuencias, para los países de la Alianza del Pacífico (AP), de la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de Asociación Transpacífico (TPP) sin Estados Unidos. Para ello, se desarrolla un análisis descriptivo de la evolución del comercio de los países de la AP con el resto de los países miembro del TPP durante el periodo 1980-2015. También se estiman modelos gravitacionales para examinar empíricamente los determinantes de los flujos comerciales de estos países. Se encuentra que el TPP puede favorecer los flujos comerciales de los países de la AP y que la salida de Estados Unidos del TPP no afectaría estos flujos comerciales
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