Entendimiento filosófico de la esquizofrenia

Una orientación filosófica en la esquizofrenia no sobra. Las teorías neuropsicológicas al uso todavía no ofrecen una explicación cabal, después de más de cien años, incluyendo la década del cerebro. Y lo que es todavía peor, ahora ni siquiera se proponen ofrecer al menos un entendimiento. Así que ni explicación ni comprensión. Ahora bien, sin un entendimiento que se haga cargo de la experiencia y de la conducta que supone el trastorno llamado esquizofrenia, difícilmente se puede alcanzar una explicación que merezca el nombre de científica (por mucho vestuario cienti-forme con el que se presente). El entendimiento que se propone aquí retoma la tradición de la fenomenología, de acuerdo con los nuevos desarrollos que, a pesar de las tendencias dominantes, siguen activos en la psiquiatría y la psicología clínica. Se replantea la esquizofrenia como un trastorno básicamente de la auto-conciencia y del sentido común. En este sentido, se ofrecen unos apuntes de fenomenología aplicados a los síntomas negativos, las alucinaciones y los delirios. Bien entendido, en todo caso, que se considera la esquizofrenia como una figura unitaria (no un cuadro) dentro de ser variable su configuración.Among approaches to schizophrenia, the philosophical perspective has every right to be taken into account. Current neuropsychological theories have yet to provide a sound explanation, after more than 100 years, including the Decade of the Brain. And worse still, they no longer even set out to offer an understanding. So we are left with neither an explanation nor an understanding. But without an attempt to comprehend the experience and behaviour involved in the disorder called ‘schizophrenia’, there is scarce likelihood of achieving an explanation worthy of being called ‘scientific’ (however well dressed up in the clothing of scientific forms). The understanding we propose here takes up the phenomenological tradition, in accordance with the new developments that, in spite of the dominant tendencies, continue to be active in psychiatry and clinical psychology. Schizophrenia is reappraised as a disorder basically affecting self-awareness and common sense. Thus, we apply a phenomenological approach to the negative symptoms, hallucinations and delusions. Bearing in mind, naturally, the consideration of schizophrenia as a unitary concept (not a set of symptoms), albeit variable in its form

Influence of soil pH in the effects of ZnONPs on the antioxidant activities and Zn uptake in three plant species (T aestivum, R. sativus and Z. mays)

In recent years, the study of phytotoxicity of NPs has made rapid progress, but important issues remain to be solved, among them, the role of soil and the importance of the physicochemical soil characteristics for their toxicity and accumulation potential

A computational framework for informing decision in relation to environmental impact of wastewater discharges

Multi-objective optimization combined with numerical simulation are useful tools for environmental sciences. Using these methods, the treatment and discharge of wastewater in large waterbodies (estuaries, rivers, lakes. . . ) - one of the essential problems in environmental management - can be analyzed in order to avoid the usual controversy between economic and ecological interests. In this article we present a decision support software system referred to as Simulating Optimal Solutions (SOS). Software SOS is a Matlab toolbox (interfaced with Fortran codes for mathematical computation of hydro- dynamics and contaminant dispersion) to assess in decision making related to treatment intensity in different purifying plants. The program allows a flexible analysis both from a cooperative viewpoint (Pareto optimality) and a non-cooperative one (Nash equilibria). A realistic example posed in Arousa estuary (NW Spain) helps us to show its capabilities

Alpha-tocopherol affects gene expression patterns of rabbit cumulus complexes and reduces apoptosis rate during in vitro maturation

Oxidative stress compromises oocyte developmental competence during in vitro maturation (IVM). Antioxidants such as vitamin E may avoid this imbalance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a-Tocopherol (α-TocOH) on the relative mRNA abundance of genes involved in cumulus expansion (GJA1, PTGS2), cell cycle and viability (AKT1), cell cycle regulation and apoptosis (Tp53, CASP3) and antioxidant response (SOD2, GPX1, CAT) in rabbit cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) in vitro matured. The apoptosis index in cumulus cells (CCs) and the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) released by the COCs in maturation media were also assessed. For these purposes, COCs from follicles ≥1mm were recovered, selected and in vitro-matured for 16h (38ºC, 5% CO2) in a medium containing TCM-199 (Sigma, Madrid, Spain) with 0.3% bovine serum albumin (Sigma, Madrid, Spain) and 10 ng/mL Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) (Sigma, Madrid, Spain) supplemented with 0, 100, 200 or 400 μM α- TocOH (Sigma, Madrid, Spain), named as 0E, 100E, 200E and 400E groups, respectivel

Optimization of RNA concentration for genome editing by CRISPR in rabbit zygotes

Site-specific genetic modification aiming to delete (knock-out) a gene provides an unequivocal answer to elucidate the function of such particular gene in the whole organism. Site-specific genetic modification has been achieved by homologous recombination, generally in embryonic stem cells, which has made the mouse the most widely used mammalian model

La suplementación de los piensos de las conejas con EPA y DHA mejora el perfil insaturado de los ácidos grasos de la leche y sus parámetros reproductivos

Se ha valorado la influencia del enriquecimiento de las dietas de conejas reproductoras con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPI) de origen animal (EPA y DHA) durante 2 ciclos sobre sus parámetros reproductivos y la composición de su leche. Un total de 124 conejas se alimentaron desde la recría hasta el segundo destete con dos dietas isofibrosas, isoenergéticas e isoproteicas formuladas con dos fuentes de grasa distintas. El grupo control (C;n=62) recibió un pienso con un 3% de grasa mezcla mientras que el del grupo experimental (P;n=62) contenía un 6% de un suplemento con un 50% de extracto etéreo concentrado en DHA y EPA a partir de aceite de salmón atlántico (Optomega-50, Optivite International Ltd., Barcelona, España)

Presente y futuro de la tributación del capital en el marco de una economía globalizada.

Uno de los principales fenómenos que han caracterizado a la economía mundial durante las dos últimas décadas es su creciente apertura y globalización, favorecida por un proceso progresivo de desregulación y liberalización de distintos sectores económicos. Sin duda, el sector en el que ha cobrado una mayor importancia este fenómeno de la globalización es el financiero, apoyado por la cada vez mayor libertad de movimientos de capitales y por la aparición de nuevos productos, especialmente los “productos financieros derivados”, que facilitan crecientemente la cobertura de riesgos en la inversión a la vez que favorecen la realización de operaciones especulativas. Todas estas circunstancias plantean retos crecientes a los sistemas tributarios de los países desarrollados, que se han traducido en los últimos años en reformas de la tributación de los rendimientos de capital (con nuevos planteamientos impositivos como los denominados “impuestos duales”), intentando evitar en lo posible la huida de los capitales nacionales al extranjero. Los países que forman parte de la Unión Europea se han visto especialmente afectados por éste fenómeno, favorecido por la entrada en vigor de la Unión Económica y Monetaria, y que plantea especiales problemas ante la ausencia de medidas de armonización de la tributación directa dentro de la UE. El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en analizar los desafíos que se plantean para los sistemas tributarios nacionales, haciendo especial énfasis en los objetivos de equidad y eficiencia que deben definir la tributación del capital a nivel internacional, la evolución que han seguido dichos sistemas tributarios en los últimos años, y los planteamientos de futuro existentes a partir de las propuestas de armonización planteadas por la Comisión Europea

Microbial sucession dynamics in the forefield of Breiðamerkurjokull Glacier (Iceland)

FEMS 2017 (7th. 2017. Valencia)Backgrounds One key consequence of glacier recession, as effect of climatic change, is the creation of new habitats for colonization. In glacier forefields, primary succession occurs simultaneously in soils and rocks recently discovered offering a type of natural experiment in which temporal colonization dynamics can be analyzed. Objectives A chronosequence established at Breiðamerkurjökull Glacier forefield, was used as a framework to analyze primary microbial succession processes in subarctic regions. This outlet glacier stretches to southeast from Vatnajökull Glacier and has been dramatically retreating during the 20th century. Methods Soil samples from different succession stages were collected. Microbial community structure was analyzed by high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Potential microbial activity (microbial respiration, N mineralization) as well as different soil attributes were also measured in these samples

TiO2:Cex onto Al Clays for Photocatalytic Solar Water Disinfection

A novel methodology was employed to prepare new nanocomposites with photocatalytic properties based on Ce-doped TiO2 nanoparticles arranged over a layered silicate. The catalysts were porous materials formed by exfoliated silicate layers surrounded by anatase nanoparticles. In this way, the anatase was doped by different amounts of Ce, yielding to catalysts with light absorption properties on the visible region. The photocatalytic behavior was tested for different reactions: adsorption and photocatalysis, showing outstanding and promising results for the removal of bacteria by using solar light as an energy source. The influence of the physicochemical properties of the catalyst and the reaction parameters will be studied in detail to manage new catalysts for the disinfection of drinking water

The HR2 polymorphism N140I in the HIV-1 gp41 combined with the HR1 V38A mutation is associated with a less cytopathic phenotype

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Resistance to the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide (ENF) is achieved by changes in the gp41 subunit of the HIV envelope glycoprotein (Env). Specific ENF-associated mutational pathways correlate with immunological recovery, even after virological failure, suggesting that the acquisition of ENF resistance alters gp41 pathogenicity. To test this hypothesis, we have characterized the expression, fusion capability, induction of CD4⁺T cell loss and single CD4⁺T cell death of 48 gp41 proteins derived from three patients displaying different amino acids (N, T or I) at position 140 that developed a V38A mutation after ENF-based treatment.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In all cases, intra-patient comparison of Env isolated pre- or post-treatment showed comparable values of expression and fusogenic capacity. Furthermore, Env with either N or T at position 140 induced comparable losses of CD4⁺T-cells, irrespective of the residue present at position 38. Conversely, Env acquiring the V38A mutation in a 140I background induced a significantly reduced loss of CD4⁺T cells and lower single-cell death than did their baseline controls. No altered ability to induce single-cell death was observed in the other clones.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Overall, primary gp41 proteins with both V38A and N140I changes showed a reduced ability to induce single cell death and deplete CD4⁺T cells, despite maintaining fusion activity. The specificity of this phenotype highlights the relevance of the genetic context to the cytopathic capacity of Env and the role of ENF-resistance mutations in modulating viral pathogenicity <it>in vivo</it>, further supporting the hypothesis that gp41 is a critical mediator of HIV pathogenesis.</p