Parasitología interactiva: Protozoos y afines

Desarrollo de una guía interactiva donde se muestran los ciclos biológicos, imágenes y dibujos de los estadios evolutivos de los principales géneros y especies de parásitos protozoos relevantes en al ámbito veterinario

Parasitología Interactiva

Desarrollo de una guía interactiva donde se muestran los ciclos biológicos,imágenes y dibujos de los estadios evolutivos de los principales géneros y especies de parásitos protozoos relevantes en al ámbito veterinario

Strategies for the improvement of the serological diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis

Tesis inédita de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Veterinaria, Departamento de Sanidad Animal, leída el 20/01/2016. Tesis formato europeo (compendio de artículos)Besnoitia besnoiti es un protozoo apicomplejo formador de quistes responsable de la besnoitiosis bovina, una enfermedad crónica y debilitante que origina importantes pérdidas económicas en el ganado bovino a nivel mundial. En la actualidad, no existen tratamientos ni vacunas disponibles y, por tanto, las medidas de control se deben basar en la detección de animales infectados para reducir la prevalencia en zonas endémicas y evitar la entrada de la enfermedad en zonas libres a través de la compra de animales infectados. Los principales retos en la investigación sobre este parásito son, por un lado, la mejora de las técnicas serológicas para realizar un diagnóstico preciso y, por otro lado, el empleo de las nuevas pruebas diagnósticas desarrolladas para determinar el impacto de la enfermedad mediante estudios de prevalencia e incidencia. Dada la rápida diseminación de la besnoitiosis bovina en Europa, se han desarrollado numerosas técnicas de diagnóstico serológico. Sin embargo, éstas no han sido validadas en estudios comparativos y, por ello, los datos epidemiológicos descritos por los diferentes laboratorios, no son comparables. Además, no se ha establecido una prueba de referencia, lo cual es de vital importancia para el establecimiento de un protocolo de diagnóstico común entre los países afectados. Por otra parte, se ha puesto de manifiesto la necesidad de mejorar la sensibilidad (Se) de las pruebas para detectar a los animales infectados durante la fase aguda, así como los infectados durante la fase crónica que presentan niveles bajos de anticuerpos, los cuales en diversas ocasiones se encuentran por debajo del punto de corte de las técnicas diagnósticas. Además, también es necesario mejorar su especificidad (Esp), ya que las actuales pruebas ELISA, que se emplean de forma rutinaria en el diagnóstico de la infección, pueden dar lugar a un elevado número de resultados falsos-positivos que pueden repercutir de forma negativa en la eficacia de los planes de control...Besnoitia besnoiti is a cyst forming intracellular parasite that causes bovine besnoitiosis, a chronic and debilitating disease in cattle responsible for severe economic losses. Unfortunately, there are no vaccines or treatments available and disease control relies solely on management measures coupled with diagnosis. The two main challenges in the field of B. besnoiti research nowadays are: the improvement of serological tools for an accurate diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis, and the use of these techniques in prevalence and incidence studies to determine the impact of the disease in affected countries. Due to the rapid spread of bovine besnoitiosis in Europe, many serological assays have been developed to date. Unfortunately, these tests have never been validated in comparative studies. Thus, the epidemiological data reported in different laboratories are not comparable. In addition, a gold standard test for bovine besnoitiosis, which is mandatory for establishing common control procedures among affected countries, has never been accepted. Moreover, recent studies have shown that the serological assays developed so far may show low sensitivity (Se) for detecting B. besnoiti acutely infected as well as B. besnoiti chronically infected cattle showing low anti-B. besnoiti antibody levels. Furthermore, the existence of false-positive reactors has been also reported using ELISA and IFAT tests, which may be due to the presence of cross-reactive antigens between B. besnoiti and other Sarcocystidae parasites. In the present Doctoral Thesis, the techniques that are routinely employed for the diagnosis of bovine besnoitiosis in Europe were standardized and a common diagnostic procedure among affected countries was established for the first time (Objective 1). Based on the results obtained in this study, all ELISAs evaluated performed well and are useful tests for both diagnosis and epidemiological studies. However, Western blot performed better and was considered as the gold standard. Therefore, it may be recommended as a confirmatory assay under certain conditions, such as ambiguous results, cattle prior to entry to herds free of the disease and valuable animals prior to a selective culling...Depto. de Sanidad AnimalFac. de VeterinariaTRUEunpu

The tandemly repeated NTPase (NTPDase) from Neospora caninum is a canonical dense granule protein whose RNA expression, protein secretion and phosphorylation coincides with the tachyzoite egress.

BACKGROUND NTPases (also NTPDases) are enzymes with apyrase activity. They are widely distributed among eukaryotes, and also among members of the family Sarcocystidae. In Toxoplasma gondii, the TgNTPase accumulates in the dense granules, and has been commonly associated with the strain virulence. In the closely related Neospora caninum, the NcNTPase lacks nucleoside diphosphate hydrolase activity and appears to be more abundant in virulent isolates, indicating that it may contribute to the pathogenicity of neosporosis. However, so far no additional information on NcNTPase has been provided. METHODS Herein, the NcNTPase coding sequences were analysed by different in silico and de novo sequencing approaches. A comparative analysis of NcNTPase and NcGRA7 in terms of protein dynamics, secretion, phosphorylation, and mRNA expression profiles during the tachyzoite lytic cycle was also carried out. Moreover, NcNTPase immunolocalization was analysed by confocal microscopy techniques over a set number of time-points. RESULTS We describe the presence of three different loci containing three copies of the NcNTPase within the Nc-Liv genome, and report the existence of up to four different NcNTPase alleles in Nc-Liv. We also provide evidence for the occurrence of diverse protein species of the NcNTPase by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Both NcNTPase and NcGRA7 were similarly up-regulated and secreted during the egress and/or early invasion phases, and were phosphorylated. However, its secretion was not affected by the addition of calcium modulators such as A23187 and ethanol. NcNTPase and NcGRA7 localized in dense granules and parasitophorous vacuole membrane throughout the lytic cycle, although differed in their inmunolocalization during early invasion and egress. CONCLUSIONS The present study reveals the complexity of the NcNTPase loci in N. caninum. We hypothesize that the expression of different isoforms of the NcNTPase protein could contribute to parasite virulence. Our findings showed regulation of expression, secretion and phosphorylation of NcNTPase suggesting a potential role for progression through the tachyzoites lytic cycle

Effect of pulmonary artery denervation in postcapillary pulmonary hypertension: results of a randomized controlled translational study

There is scarce evidence for pulmonary artery denervation (PADN) as a potential treatment for chronic postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH). We aimed to perform a proof-of-concept of PADN in a translational model of chronic PH. Nineteen pigs with chronic postcapillary PH (secondary to pulmonary vein banding) were randomized to surgical-PADN (using bipolar radiofrequency clamps) or sham procedure. Additionally, 6 healthy animals underwent percutaneous-PADN to compare the pulmonary artery (PA) lesion generated with both approaches. In the surgical-PADN arm, hemodynamic evaluation and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) were performed at baseline and at 2 and 3-month follow-up. Histological assessment was carried out at the completion of the protocol. Eighteen pigs (6 following surgical-PADN, 6 sham and 6 percutaneous-PADN) completed the protocol. A complete transmural PA lesion was demonstrated using surgical clamps, whereas only focal damage to adventitial fibers was observed after percutaneous-PADN. In the surgical-PADN arm, the hemodynamic profile did not significantly differ between groups neither at baseline [mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) median values of 32.0 vs. 27.5 mmHg, P = 0.394 and indexed pulmonary vascular resistance (iPVR) 5.9 vs. 4.7 WU m2, P = 0.394 for PADN/sham groups, respectively] nor at any follow-up (mPAP of 35.0 vs. 35.0 mmHg, P = 0.236 and iPVR of 8.3 vs. 6.7 WU m2, P = 0.477 at third month in PADN/sham groups, respectively). Surgical-PADN was not associated with any benefit in RV anatomy or function on CMR/histology. In a large-animal model of chronic postcapillary PH, transmural PADN with surgical clamps was associated with a neutral pulmonary hemodynamic effect.This work has been partially funded by the grant “Translational research project from the Sociedad Española de Cardiología” (to Dr. García-Álvarez) and by an unrestricted grant from Medtronic. The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). IDIBAPS belongs to the CERCA Programme and receives partial funding from the Generalitat de Catalunya.17.165 JCR (2020) Q1, 6/142 Cardiac & Cardiovascular SystemsUE

Effect of sildenafil on right ventricular performance in an experimental large-animal model of postcapillary pulmonary hypertension

Right ventricle (RV) dysfunction is a main determinant of morbidity and mortality in postcapillary pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, currently there are not available therapies. Since reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability and cyclic guanylate monophosphate (cGMP) levels are central in this disease, therapies targeting the NO pathway might have a beneficial effect on RV performance. In this regard, sildenafil has shown contradictory results. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of sildenafil on RV performance in an experimental pig model of postcapillary PH induced by a fixed banding of the venous pulmonary confluent. Animals were evaluated by right heart catheterization and cardiac magnetic resonance before randomization and after 8 weeks on sildenafil (n = 8) or placebo (n = 8), and myocardial tissues were analyzed with histology and molecular biology. At the end of the study, animals receiving sildenafil showed better RV performance as compared with those on placebo (improvement in RV ejection fraction of 7.3% ± 5.8% versus -0.6% ± 5.0%, P= 0.021) associated with less apoptotic cells and gene expression related with reduced oxidative stress and increased anti-inflammatory activity in the myocardium. No differences were observed in pulmonary hemodynamics. In conclusion, in a translational large animal model of chronic postcapillary PH, sildenafil improved RV systolic function independently of afterload. Further research with pharmacological approaches able to manipulate the NO-cGMP axis are needed to confirm this potential cardioprotective effect.Sin financiación7.012 JCR (2020) Q1, 2/29 Medical Laboratory Technology2.174 SJR (2021) Q1, 3/60 Biochemistry (medical)No data IDR 2020UE

Association of myocardial T1-mapping CMR with hemodynamics and RV performance in pulmonary hypertension

Early detection of right ventricular (RV) involvement in chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH) is essential due to prognostic implications. T1 mapping by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged as a noninvasive technique for extracellular volume fraction (ECV) quantification. We assessed the association of myocardial native T1 time and equilibrium contrast ECV (Eq-ECV) at the RV insertion points with pulmonary hemodynamics and RV performance in an experimental model of chronic PH. Right heart catheterization followed by immediate CMR was performed on 38 pigs with chronic PH (generated by surgical pulmonary vein banding) and 6 sham-operated controls. Native T1 and Eq-ECV values at the RV insertion points were both significantly higher in banded animals than in controls and showed significant correlation with pulmonary hemodynamics, RV arterial coupling, and RV performance. Eq-ECV values also increased before overt RV systolic dysfunction, offering potential for the early detection of myocardial involvement in chronic PH.Sin financiación7.815 JCR (2015) Q1, 6/124 Cardiac and cardiovascular system, 1/124 Radiology, nueclear medicine and medicine imagingUE