La necropsia en campo: un servicio agregado en la medicina veterinaria rural

Se plantea como objetivo describir las técnicas de necropsia de campo, las condiciones de envío de muestras a los distintos laboratorios y su valor agregado en la medicina veterinaria rural. La necropsia debe ser ordenada, sistemática y completa, para así extraer la mayor cantidad de información posible del cadáver, de tal forma que permita determinar la causa de la muerte o la participación de una patología concreta. Una necropsia realizada de forma correcta, además, va a permitir una toma de muestras adecuada. En relación con el costo por necropsia, en servicios oficiales y privados oscila entre 80-150 dólares, con el envío del animal o cadáver a la sala de necropsia del centro de diagnóstico. En caso de considerarse necropsias con connotaciones médico-legales, incluyendo los animales asegurados, los precios oscilan entre 500-2500 dólares. Estos precios pueden tener un incremento de un 15 a un 20 % en campo, teniendo en cuenta el desplazamiento a la explotación/granja (distancia-kilometraje), aunque también puede tener variaciones de acuerdo con el número de animales fallecidos, lo cual representa un servicio agregado para el veterinario de campo/veterinario rural, que de alguna manera incrementa las ganancias económicas netas anuales de la empresa veterinaria rural. En conclusión, se describen las técnicas de necropsia de campo, las condiciones de envío de muestras a los distintos laboratorios y su valor agregado en la medicina veterinaria rural

Cardiorespiratory fitness cut-points are related to body adiposity parameters in Latin American adolescents

Background and Objectives: A deficiency exists in the criterion-referenced cut-points for field-based cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in Latin American youths. The aims of the present study were two-fold: (1) To identify the ability of CRF estimated by the 20-m shuttle-run test (20mSRT) to differentiate between 'healthy' and 'unhealthy' phenotypes (by adiposity) in adolescents; (2) to assess the association between obesity and relative peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in a large and diverse sample of Latin American youths. In total, 72,505 adolescents aged between 13 and 15 years were recruited from Chile and Colombia (47.5% girls). Materials and Methods: The waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were used to identify body adiposity markers. CRF was measured using the 20mSRT (VO2peak). Receiver operating characteristic curves and logistic regression were used to determine the discriminatory ability of CRF to predict body adiposity parameters. Results: For boys and girls, VO2peak showed a significant predictive capacity to detect body fat (area under the curve [AUC] > 0.62). The sensitivity of VO2peak was medium (>63%) for all age- and sex-specific cut-points, with optimal cut-points in 13- to 15-year olds for obesity identified as 43.77 mL·kg-1·min-1 and 38.53 mL·kg-1·min-1 in boys and girls, respectively. Conclusions: According to these cut-points, adolescents with low CRF were more likely to be obese either by WC or WHtR. The CRF cut-points can be used as quantitative markers for a healthier body in Latin American adolescents.This study (Colombia sample) is supported by Secretaria de Educación Distrital-SED (ID Convenio N◦ CDP 3381, Project N◦ 893 'Pensar en Educación' date 02-Oct-2014). Mikel Izquierdo is funded in part by a research grant PI17/01814 of the Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad de España (ISCIII, FEDER)

Factors associated with meeting the WHO physical activity recommendations in pregnant colombian women

In the absence of medical contraindications, physical activity (PA) can offer health maternal and fetal health outcomes during pregnancy. However, most pregnant women may not consider PA to be feasible, suitable and safe. Hence, it is essential to determine the prevalence of pregnant women who meet the PA recommendations and the possible factors associated with that meeting, since it might be important from the perspective of pregnant women's health. The aim of the present study was to establish the prevalence of meeting the World Health Organization PA recommendations for Colombian pregnant women, as well as possible factors that may be associated with meeting that recommendations. A cross-sectional study including representative data from the National Nutritional Situation Survey (2015) in Colombia was performed. Data were collected in 2015–2016. From an initial sample of 1140 Colombian pregnant women, 702 participants with complete data were included in the final analysis. PA was assessed by self-reported information through the long version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Several potential factors were analysed according to four levels of the socioecological model: the individual, interpersonal, organizational and community levels. The prevalence of Colombian pregnant women who met with the PA recommendations was 7.5%. Indigenous and Mestizo pregnant women showed lower probabilities of meeting the PA recommendations [Indigenous: OR 0.05, 95% CI (0.01–0.18); Mestizo: OR 0.12, 95% CI (0.06–0.22)] than Afro-Colombian participants. Additionally, participants who lived near green and safe spaces for PA were more likely to meet the PA recommendations [OR 2.30, 95% CI (1.06–4.79)] than those who did not live near green areas. In conclusion, a low percentage of Colombian pregnant women met the new PA recommendations. The associations found according to race/ethnicity and living near green and safe areas underline the presence of fundamental disparities associated with meeting PA recommendations.The 3rd National Survey of the Nutritional Situation of Colombia (ENSIN) 2015 is supported by a fund the Ministry of Health and Social Protection, the National Institute of Health (INS, in Spanish), Administrative Department for Social Prosperity, the Colombian Family Welfare Institute (ICBF, in Spanish) and the National University of Colombia participated. It also had the support of entities such as the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE, in Spanish), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) and the Colombian Association for the Advancement of Science (ACAC, in Spanish)

Viabilidad y fiabilidad de las pruebas de aptitud física en niños preescolares colombianos

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la viabilidad y confiabilidad de las pruebas de campo de aptitud física utilizadas en el estudio 'Fuprecol kids' en niños preescolares colombianos de 3 a 5 años. Un total de 90 niños en edad preescolar de 3 a 5 años participaron en el estudio. Los componentes de peso, altura, circunferencia de la cintura, aptitud cardiorrespiratoria (CRF), aptitud musculoesquelética (fuerza de la empuñadura y salto amplio de pie), velocidad-agilidad (carrera de 4 × 10 m) y flexibilidad (prueba de sentarse y alcanzar) se probaron dos veces (dos semanas de diferencia). La viabilidad de las pruebas (preescolares capaces de completar la prueba) varió de 96% en la prueba de CRF a 100% en las pruebas de aptitud musculoesquelética, velocidad-agilidad y flexibilidad. En general, los% TEM fueron 0.625% para el peso, 0.378% para la altura, 1.035% para el índice de masa corporal y 0.547% para la circunferencia de la cintura. Adicionalmente, todas las pruebas fueron sustancialmente confiables, para CRF (en etapas y vueltas, coeficiente de correlación de concordancia = 0.944 y 0.941, respectivamente) en ambos sexos y flexibilidad (coeficiente de correlación de concordancia = 0.949) en niñas. No hubo diferencias significativas en las pruebas de aptitud y las diferencias de medias de prueba en los niños (p > 0.05), excepto en CRF (vueltas p = 0.017). En las niñas, hubo diferencias en las variables CRF (etapas ( p = 0.017) y vueltas ( p = 0.013), y flexibilidad ( p = 0.002). Los resultados de este estudio indican que la batería de pruebas de 'niños Fuprecol', administrada por maestros de educación física, fue confiable y factible para medir los componentes de la aptitud física en preescolares en un entorno escolar en ColombiaThe aim of the study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of physical fitness field tests used in the “Fuprecol kids” study among Colombian preschool children aged 3–5 years. A total of 90 preschoolers aged 3–5 years participated in the study. Weight, height, waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), musculoskeletal fitness (handgrip strength and standing broad jump), speed–agility (4 × 10 m shuttle run), and flexibility (sit and reach test) components were tested twice (two weeks apart). The feasibility of the tests (preschoolers able to complete the test) ranged from 96% in the CRF test to 100% in the musculoskeletal fitness, speed–agility, and flexibility tests. Overall, the %TEMs were 0.625% for the weight, 0.378% for the height, 1.035% for the body mass index, and 0.547% for the waist circumference. In addition, all tests were substantial reliable, for CRF (in stages and laps, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.944 and 0.941, respectively) in both sexes and flexibility (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.949) in girls. There were no significant differences in fitness test–retest mean differences in the boys (p > 0.05), except in CRF (laps p = 0.017). In girls, there were differences in CRF (stages (p = 0.017) and laps (p = 0.013)), and flexibility (p = 0.002) variables. The results from this study indicate that the “Fuprecol kids” battery of tests, administered by physical education teachers, was reliable and feasible for measuring components of physical fitness in preschoolers in a school setting in Colombi

Schoolbag weight carriage in Portuguese children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study comparing possible influencing factors

Background Schoolbags and the consequences of carrying them, particularly those associated with overload, are often studied as a health concern. Modifications in gait and posture were reported when children carried loads that corresponded to more than 10% of their body weight (BW). The aims of this study were to verify the load that is carried by Portuguese students and how it is influenced by factors such as school grade, school schedule, lunch site, physical education, sex and body mass index (BMI). Acquiring a more specific knowledge of the Portuguese context and understanding the influence of these factors may allow us to generate proposals to control them in ways that benefit students.MethodsThe load carried by students in the 5th grade (10.60.4years) and 9th grade (14.70.6years) were weighed with a luggage scale on all days of the week, resulting in 680 evaluations. Data related to the school day were also collected, such as the student's lunch site, how he or she got to school and his or her school schedule for that day. Individual height and weight were also assessed. Results The 5th grade students carried greater loads than the 9th grade students, resulting in a substantial difference relative to their BW. The school loads of the 5th grade students were mostly greater than 10% of their BWs. Girls tended to carry heavier loads than boys, and overweight students also tended to carry heavier loads. Students who could eat lunch at home carried less weight, and on physical education days, the total load carried increased, but the backpacks of the 5th grade students were lighter.Conclusions The results of the current study describe excessive schoolbag weight among Portuguese students and expound on some of the factors that influence it, which can help researchers and professionals design a solution to decrease children's schoolbag loads.Funds through FCT - Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (UID/DTP/04045/2019) - and the European Fund for regional development (FEDER) allocated by European Union through the COMPETE 2020 Programme (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006969), and through the Project NanoSTIMA: Macro-to-Nano Human Sensing, Towards Integrated Multimodal Health Monitoring and Analytics (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000016), co-financed by Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER) -NORTE 2020

Effects of different doses of high-speed resistance training on physical performance and quality of life in older women: a randomized controlled trial.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of two frequencies of high-speed resistance training (HSRT) on physical performance and quality of life of older women. Methods: A total of 24 older women participated in a 12-week HSRT program composed of either two or three sessions/week (equated for volume and intensity). Women were randomized into three arms: a control group (CG, n=8), a resistance training group performing two sessions/week (RT2, n=8), and a resistance training group performing three sessions/week (RT3, n=8). The training program for both experimental groups included exercises that required high-speed concentric muscle actions. Results: No baseline differences were observed among groups. Compared with the CG, both training groups showed similar small to moderate improvements (P<0.05) in muscle strength, power, functional performance, balance, and quality of life. Conclusion: These results suggest that equated for volume and intensity, two and three training sessions/week of HSRT are equally effective for improving physical performance and quality of life of older women