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Distinguishing features of cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer and other solid tumors
Cetuximab and panitumumab are two distinct monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting
the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and both are widely used in combination
with chemotherapy or as monotherapy to treat patients with RAS wild-type metastatic
colorectal cancer. Although often considered interchangeable, the two antibodies have
different molecular structures and can behave differently in clinically relevant ways. More
specifically, as an immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 isotype mAb, cetuximab can elicit immune
functions such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity involving natural killer
cells, T-cell recruitment to the tumor, and T-cell priming via dendritic cell maturation.
Panitumumab, an IgG2 isotype mAb, does not possess these immune functions.
Furthermore, the two antibodies have different binding sites on the EGFR, as evidenced
by mutations on the extracellular domain that can confer resistance to one of the
two therapeutics or to both. We consider a comparison of the properties of these
two antibodies to represent a gap in the literature. We therefore compiled a detailed,
evidence-based educational review of the known molecular, clinical, and functional
differences between the two antibodies and concluded that they are distinct therapeutic
agents that should be considered individually during treatment planning. Available data
for one agent can only partly be extrapolated to the other. Looking to the future, the
known immune activity of cetuximab may provide a rationale for this antibody as a
combination partner with investigational chemotherapy plus immunotherapy regimens
for colorectal cance
MicroRNAs in rectal cancer: Functional significance and promising therapeutic value
It is well-known that microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical mediators of initiation and disease progression in many human cancers. Rectal cancer is a highly prevalent tumor, accounting for around one third of newly diagnosed colorectal cancers. The usefulness of miRNAs as clinical biomarkers predictive of the outcome and response to chemoradiotherapy has been well-reported for rectal cancer. However, the existing literature on their functional and therapeutic impact needs to be put in context to clarify their role in disease pathogenesis. Therfore, this review is focused on the functional relevance of miRNAs as key regulators of signaling pathways in rectal cancer and their potential therapeutic value as novel molecular targets in this disease.This research was funded by PI18/00382 and PI16/01468 grants from “Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDER”
Ras family of small gtpases in crc: New perspectives for overcoming drug resistance
Colorectal cancer remains among the cancers with the highest incidence, prevalence, and mortality worldwide. Although the development of targeted therapies against the EGFR and VEGFR membrane receptors has considerably improved survival in these patients, the appearance of resistance means that their success is still limited. Overactivation of several members of the Ras-GTPase family is one of the main actors in both tumour progression and the lack of response to cytotoxic and targeted therapies. This fact has led many resources to be devoted over the last dec-ades to the development of targeted therapies against these proteins. However, they have not been as successful as expected in their move to the clinic so far. In this review, we will analyse the role of these Ras-GTPases in the emergence and development of colorectal cancer and their relationship with resistance to targeted therapies, as well as the status and new advances in the design of targeted therapies against these proteins and their possible clinical implications.This research was funded by Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), grant number
PI19/01231. A.R-V was funded by a contract PFIS from Spanish Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII)
(FI20/00213) associated with the project PI19/01231
Invasive mole in a perimenopausal woman with lung and vaginal metastases: A case report
Gestational trophoblastic disease can result in serious complications and disease progression.
Therefore, follow‐up of such patients is essential for early detection of
malignant trophoblastic tumors and to reduce mortality rate. Primary treatment is
chemotherapy but hysterectomy should be considered in patients who have uncontrollable
hemorrhage and hemodynamic instabilit
Thymidylate synthase expression as a predictive biomarker of pemetrexed sensitivity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer
Background: Although it has been suggested that a high level of thymidylate synthase (TYMS) gene expression in
malignant tumors is related to reduced sensitivity to the antifolate drug pemetrexed, no direct evidence for such an
association has been demonstrated in routine clinical samples from patients treated with the drug. The purpose of this
study was to quantitatively assess the impact of TYMS gene expression in tumor cells as a predictor of the efficacy of
pemetrexed therapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated at our institution.
Methods: Sixty-two NSCLC patients were included in this study: 16 patients received platins-pemetrexed as first-line
NSCLC, and 46 pemetrexed in monotherapy as second- or subsequent-line treatment. Total mRNA was isolated and
the expression of TYMS was analyzed by RT-qPCR. TYMS levels were calibrated against expression in normal lung tissue.
Results: TYMS overexpression was detected in 61 % of patients and low expression in 39 %. The response rate for
patients with low TYMS expression was 0.29 compared with 0.03 in patients with overexpression (P = 0.025). A
significant benefit was observed in patients with low expression both in time to progression (average TTP = 56 vs.
23 months, P = 0.001) and in overall survival (average OS = 60 vs. 25 months, P = 0.002).
Conclusions: TYMS overexpression in tumor cells correlated with a reduced response to pemetrexed-containing
chemotherapy and might be used as a predictive biomarker in advanced NSCLC patientsThe present work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de
Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) (AES Program, grant PI12/01552); the
Ministerio de Sanidad (Cancer Network); and the Comunidad de Madrid
(S2010/BMD-2344). The Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Biobank is funded by a
grant from the MINECO (Instituto de Salud Carlos III, RETICS Red de Biobancos,
with FEDER funds, RD09/0076/00101). S.Z. and C.C. are supported by grants
from the same Biobanks initiativ
Cancer and suicidal ideation and behaviours: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Introduction Prevalence of suicidal ideation (SI) and behaviours are higher among patients with cancer than general population. No systematic review/meta-analysis investigated this topic; therefore, our aim will be to assess the relationship between cancer and SI and behaviours. Methods We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, SCOPUS, Web of Science, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library databases from their inception until 30 June 2018. Case-control and cohort studies focused on the association between cancer (any type) and suicidal outcomes (suicide, suicide attempt and SI) will be included. Two team members will independently: (A) perform the selection of the included studies and data extraction, with the supervision of a third member in case of discrepancies and (B) assess each study with: (1) Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS); (2) Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement; (3) Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE). We will conduct a random-effects meta-analysis. Individual and pooled ORs and associated 95% CIs will be calculated as well as between-study heterogeneity. We will examine the potential for publication bias. If possible, we will explore reasons for potential between-study heterogeneity. Ethics and dissemination This study does not require ethical approval. The study will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal, will be publicly disseminated and will be the topic of research presentations.This work is partly supported by the Swedish Cancer Society (grant no:
CAN 2014/417), Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare
(grant no: 2017-00531), Karolinska Institutet (Senior Researcher Award and
Strategic Research Area in Epidemiology Award)
First-Line Biological Agents Plus Chemotherapy in Older Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Retrospective Pooled Analysis
Artículo escrito por un elevado número de autores, sólo se referencian el que aparece en primer lugar, el nombre del grupo de colaboración, si le hubiere, y los autores pertenecientes a la UAMBackground
Biologicals, in combination with chemotherapy, are recommended as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC); however, evidence guiding the appropriate management of older patients with mCRC is limited.
Objective
This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy and safety outcomes in older versus younger patients with mCRC who received first-line biological therapy.
Methods
This retrospective analysis used pooled data from five trials undertaken by the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumours. All were studies of adults with advanced CRC who received first-line treatment with chemotherapy plus bevacizumab, cetuximab or panitumumab, stratified by age (≥ 65 vs. < 65 years). Endpoints included progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), overall response rate (ORR) and safety.
Results
In total, 999 patients from five studies were included in the analysis: 480 (48%) were aged ≥ 65 years, and 519 (52%) were aged < 65 years. Median PFS did not differ significantly between patients aged ≥ 65 and < 65 years (9.9 vs. 9.4 months; hazard ratio [HR] 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–1.17). Median OS was significantly shorter in older than in younger patients (21.3 vs. 25.0 months; HR 1.21; 95% CI 1.04–1.41). There was no significant difference between older and younger patients in ORR (59 vs. 62%). Patients aged ≥ 65 years experienced significantly more treatment-related grade 3 or higher adverse events (61.67%) than did patients aged < 65 years (45.86%).
Conclusions
Biologicals plus chemotherapy is an effective first-line treatment option for selected patients aged ≥ 65 years with mCRC and has a manageable safety profile and efficacy comparable to that observed in younger patientsThis study was funded by the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment of Digestive Tumours (TTD) collaborative group. All medical writing assistance was funded by the Spanish Cooperative TTD and Roche Farma S
Functional and clinical impact of circRNas in oral cancer
The increasing number of recently published works regarding the role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in oral cancer highlights the key contribution of this novel class of endogenous noncoding RNAs as regulators of critical signaling pathways and their clinical value as novel biomarkers. This review summarizes and puts into context the existing literature in order to clarify the relevance of circRNAs as novel mediators of oral cancer pathogenesis as well as their potential usefulness as predictors of clinical outcome and response to therapy in this disease.This research was funded by PI18/00382 and PI16/01468 grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III FEDE
Activation of MET pathway predicts poor outcome to cetuximab in patients with recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer
Background: Activation of the MET oncogene promotes tumor growth, invasion and metastasis in several tumor
types. Additionally, MET is activated as a compensatory pathway in the presence of EGFR blockade, thus resulting in a
mechanism of resistance to EGFR inhibitors.
Methods: We have investigated the impact of HGF and MET expression, MET activation (phosphorylation), MET gene
status, and MET-activating mutations on cetuximab sensitivity in recurrent or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of
the head and neck (HNSCC) patients.
Results: A single-institution retrospective analysis was performed in 57 patients. MET overexpression was detected in
58 % patients, MET amplification in 39 % and MET activation (p-MET) in 30 %. Amplification was associated with MET
overexpression. Log-rank testing showed significantly worse outcomes in recurrent/metastatic, MET overexpressing
patients for progression-free survival and overall survival. Activation of MET was correlated with worse PFS and OS. In
multivariate logistic regression analysis, p-MET was an independent prognostic factor for PFS. HGF overexpression was
observed in 58 % patients and was associated with MET phosphorylation, suggesting a paracrine activation of the
receptor.
Conclusions: HGF/MET pathway activation correlated with worse outcome in recurrent/metastatic HNSCC patients.
When treated with a cetuximab-based regimen, these patients correlated with worse outcome. This supports a dual
blocking strategy of HGF/MET and EGFR pathways for the treatment of patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCCThe present
work was supported by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y
Competitividad (MINECO) (AES Program, grant PI12/01552); the Ministerio de
Sanidad (Cancer Network); the Comunidad de Madrid (S2010/BMD-2344).
The Fundacion Jimenez Diaz Biobank is funded by a grant from the MINECO
(Instituto de Salud Carlos III, RETICS Red de Biobancos, with FEDER funds,
RD09/0076/00101). S.Z. and C.C. are supported by grants from the same
Biobanks initiativ
Rationale for combination of therapeutic antibodies targeting tumor cells and immune checkpoint receptors: Harnessing innate and adaptive immunity through IgG1 isotype immune effector stimulation
Immunoglobulin (Ig) G1 antibodies stimulate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Cetuximab, an IgG1 isotype monoclonal antibody, is a standard-of-care treatment for locally advanced and recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Here we review evidence regarding the clinical relevance of cetuximab-mediated ADCC and other immune functions and provide a biological rationale concerning why this property positions cetuximab as an ideal partner for immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and other emerging immunotherapies. We performed a nonsystematic review of available preclinical and clinical data involving cetuximab-mediated immune activity and combination approaches of cetuximab with other immunotherapies, including ICIs, in SCCHN and CRC. Indeed, cetuximab mediates ADCC activity in the intratumoral space and primes adaptive and innate cellular immunity. However, counterregulatory mechanisms may lead to immunosuppressive feedback loops. Accordingly, there is a strong rationale for combining ICIs with cetuximab for the treatment of advanced tumors, as targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 can ostensibly overcome these immunosuppressive counter-mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, combining ICIs (or other immunotherapies) with cetuximab is a promising strategy for boosting immune response and enhancing response rates and durability of response. Cetuximab immune activity—including, but not limited to, ADCC—provides a strong rationale for its combination with ICIs or other immunotherapies to synergistically and fully mobilize the adaptive and innate immunity against tumor cells. Ongoing prospective studies will evaluate the clinical effect of these combination regimens and their immune effect in CRC and SCCHN and in other indications
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