Las representaciones de la filatelia franquista

The organisation of propaganda plays one essential role in totalitarians regimes, and in this dimension the postage stamps have an important role as a transmitter of his potency. Visual codes constitute a cultural expression pattern like a language, and image is a powerful medium for policy legitimation. The postage stamps have a very large capacity of reproduction, and the repetition of stimulus suppose a necessary condition for the efficiency of message.Franco's regime made an intensive propaganda inside a social control strategy. Dictator's image, for example, had a triumphant treatment, and his personality was idealized. However his representation changed in a sensible mode during dictatorship.; La organización de la propaganda supone un aspecto esencial en los regímenes totalitarios, y dentro de ella el sello, debido a su difusión masiva, jugará un destacado papel como transmisor de su potencia y principales realizaciones. Constituyendo los códigos visuales un modo de expresión cultural y comunicación a la altura del lenguaje, y aunque a menudo pase inadvertida, la imagen se erige como un poderoso medio de legitimación política. El sello posee una ingente capacidad de reproducción, y la repetición del estímulo constituye una de las condiciones esenciales del impacto del mensaje en la memoria del espectador.El régimen franquista realizó, como es sabido, una intensa propaganda a través de los medios de comunicación, dentro de su estrategia de control social y represión. Por ejemplo, la imagen del dictador, desde esta perspectiva, sería tratada de forma triunfalista, y asumiendo la representación de una personalidad idealizada. Sin embargo, la imagen de Franco en la filatelia iría mutando al compás de los avatares del régimen, variando sensiblemente según la coyuntura interna o externa le fuera favorable o adversa y adaptando su contenido iconográfico a las cambiantes necesidades de su supervivencia. El sello fue así un reflejo de las vicisitudes del régimen, pero contribuyó también, sin duda, a la "construcción simbólica de la autoridad " y a su "fabricación "

Intemperancia, degeneración y crimen: el discurso antialcohólico como estrategia de control social en la Asturias de la Restauración

En la lucha por la hegemonía, las clases dirigentes elaboraron un discurso antialcohólico en el que la condena a los espacios y ocasiones de consumo ocupó un lugar central. Asociada con todos los vicios, la taberna aparece como una amenaza para el orden moral y la organización social. Más aún cuando se había convertido en muchos casos en local de las primeras organizaciones obreras y cuando en ella se habían refugiado numerosas manifestaciones de una cultura popular a la que se aspiraba controlar. Obviamente, era necesario crear un proletariado sumiso; así, médicos, filántropos, reformadores sociales, criminólogos y también líderes obreros o literatos, contribuyeron desde sus respectivos intereses a configurar la nueva imagen social del alcoholismo.; In the combat for the hegemony, the social elites elaborated a antialcoholic discourse which principal axle was the condemnation to the tavern. Associated with all manner of vices, the tavern appears as a menace to the moral order and to social organisation. The tavern has specially been from the beginning of the industrial revolution a nuclear function in the life of popular classes and the working classes. A place to drink alcohol in a cheap way, a place where people could meet including politic activities, a freedom place. Therefore was denounced by employers, engineers, specialist in hygiene, medicals or writers

Solidaridad, sociabilidad y comensalidad en el ciclo festivo asturiano (1850-1936)

La comensalidad ha desempeñado desde siempre un destacado papel en la búsqueda de la autoafirmación grupal que se produce durante la celebración de fiestas y otros actos de una vida campesina renuente a perder sus elementos más tradicionales. Estas ocasiones favorecen la práctica de la hospitalidad -sobre todo a través del banquete que llega a convertirse en un verdadero estimulador de redes sociales- y conlleva excesos que se oponen a un día a día dedicado al ahorro, afirmando así su voluntad de inversión ritualizada de las pautas sociales normativas. Sea como fuere, el tiempo libre tradicional comienza a modificarse a finales del siglo XIX para dar paso a uno de ocio en su sentido contemporáneo. Significativo es, por ejemplo, que aunque las romerías mantuviesen una ritualización y una apariencia tradicional se organizasen con manifiestos fines mercantiles. La comunidad tradicional asturiana funcionaba en gran medida vinculada a unos circuitos vecinales de ayuda mutua denominados andechas. En torno a éstas giraba un abundante conjunto de elementos folklóricos, siendo trabajos asociados a ciertas manifestaciones festivas que acabarían por degenerar en una especie de competición entre familias a la hora de organizar el banquete de mayor prestancia, con lo que se perdió su carácter de reciprocidad y su primitiva rentabilidad social y económica. Comer y beber, por último, no dejaría de hacer acto de presencia en las tradiciones que marcaban los ritos de paso vitales.; Commensality has always played a prominent role in the search for the group affirmation that occurs during the celebration of festivals and other entertainment events of a peasantry against its most traditional. These events promete the practice of hospitality -especially through the banquet becoming anything that comes toa stimulator of social networks-, and excess is opposed toa daily dedicated to saving. In any case, rural celebrations begin to change to make way for contemporary leisure. Significantly, for example, that although the pilgrimages maintained their traditional appearance be organized with a clear commercial purpose.Traditional Asturian community functioned largely linked to circuitry neighbourhood mutual help: the andechas. Revolved around them a large body of folk elements, and were jobs that were associated with recreational events. This circumstance would eventually degenerate into a competition between families when organizing the banquet, wich willlose its character of reciprocity and social and economic retums. Eat and drink, finally, it would still make an appearance in the traditions that maked rites of passage of life

Solidaridad, sociabilidad y comensalidad en el ciclo festivo asturiano (1850-1936)

La comensalidad ha desempeñado desde siempre un destacado papel en la búsqueda de la autoafirmación grupal que se produce durante la celebración de fiestas y otros actos de una vida campesina renuente a perder sus elementos más tradicionales. Estas ocasiones favorecen la práctica de la hospitalidad -sobre todo a través del banquete que llega a convertirse en un verdadero estimulador de redes sociales- y conlleva excesos que se oponen a un día a día dedicado al ahorro, afirmando así su voluntad de inversión ritualizada de las pautas sociales normativas. Sea como fuere, el tiempo libre tradicional comienza a modificarse a finales del siglo XIX para dar paso a uno de ocio en su sentido contemporáneo. Significativo es, por ejemplo, que aunque las romerías mantuviesen una ritualización y una apariencia tradicional se organizasen con manifiestos fines mercantiles. La comunidad tradicional asturiana funcionaba en gran medida vinculada a unos circuitos vecinales de ayuda mutua denominados andechas. En torno a éstas giraba un abundante conjunto de elementos folklóricos, siendo trabajos asociados a ciertas manifestaciones festivas que acabarían por degenerar en una especie de competición entre familias a la hora de organizar el banquete de mayor prestancia, con lo que se perdió su carácter de reciprocidad y su primitiva rentabilidad social y económica. Comer y beber, por último, no dejaría de hacer acto de presencia en las tradiciones que marcaban los ritos de paso vitales.; Commensality has always played a prominent role in the search for the group affirmation that occurs during the celebration of festivals and other entertainment events of a peasantry against its most traditional. These events promete the practice of hospitality -especially through the banquet becoming anything that comes toa stimulator of social networks-, and excess is opposed toa daily dedicated to saving. In any case, rural celebrations begin to change to make way for contemporary leisure. Significantly, for example, that although the pilgrimages maintained their traditional appearance be organized with a clear commercial purpose.Traditional Asturian community functioned largely linked to circuitry neighbourhood mutual help: the andechas. Revolved around them a large body of folk elements, and were jobs that were associated with recreational events. This circumstance would eventually degenerate into a competition between families when organizing the banquet, wich willlose its character of reciprocity and social and economic retums. Eat and drink, finally, it would still make an appearance in the traditions that maked rites of passage of life

Design of an interferometric system for gauge block calibration

We have developed an interferometer for gauge block calibration based on phase shifting algorithms. The measurement process can provide flatness, parallelism, and length. Wavelength values need to be corrected according to the refractive index of air. This correction is obtained indirectly using Edlén’s equation. High-resolution sensors provide the temperature, pressure, and relative humidity readings. To preserve stability, the interferometer is encapsulated in a chamber with active temperature control. Its design, measurement principle, calibration, stability, and reproducibility are analyzed. Since one goal is to employ robust and cheap diode lasers as light sources, we describe the system developed to stabilize a red laser diode using a mode locking technique with a reference gas cell. The instruments and assembly are used to avoid the Doppler effect in the gas cell, which would limit wavelength resolution. Several experiments are carried out to restrict the influence of environmental changes, which affect laser diode frequency.Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia | Ref. DPI2008-06818-C2-0

Spread of a SARS-CoV-2 variant through Europe in the summer of 2020

[EN] Following its emergence in late 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV-21,2 has been tracked by phylogenetic analysis of viral genome sequences in unprecedented detail3,4,5. Although the virus spread globally in early 2020 before borders closed, intercontinental travel has since been greatly reduced. However, travel within Europe resumed in the summer of 2020. Here we report on a SARS-CoV-2 variant, 20E (EU1), that was identified in Spain in early summer 2020 and subsequently spread across Europe. We find no evidence that this variant has increased transmissibility, but instead demonstrate how rising incidence in Spain, resumption of travel, and lack of effective screening and containment may explain the variant’s success. Despite travel restrictions, we estimate that 20E (EU1) was introduced hundreds of times to European countries by summertime travellers, which is likely to have undermined local efforts to minimize infection with SARS-CoV-2. Our results illustrate how a variant can rapidly become dominant even in the absence of a substantial transmission advantage in favourable epidemiological settings. Genomic surveillance is critical for understanding how travel can affect transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and thus for informing future containment strategies as travel resumes.S

CIBERER : Spanish national network for research on rare diseases: A highly productive collaborative initiative

Altres ajuts: Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación.CIBER (Center for Biomedical Network Research; Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red) is a public national consortium created in 2006 under the umbrella of the Spanish National Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII). This innovative research structure comprises 11 different specific areas dedicated to the main public health priorities in the National Health System. CIBERER, the thematic area of CIBER focused on rare diseases (RDs) currently consists of 75 research groups belonging to universities, research centers, and hospitals of the entire country. CIBERER's mission is to be a center prioritizing and favoring collaboration and cooperation between biomedical and clinical research groups, with special emphasis on the aspects of genetic, molecular, biochemical, and cellular research of RDs. This research is the basis for providing new tools for the diagnosis and therapy of low-prevalence diseases, in line with the International Rare Diseases Research Consortium (IRDiRC) objectives, thus favoring translational research between the scientific environment of the laboratory and the clinical setting of health centers. In this article, we intend to review CIBERER's 15-year journey and summarize the main results obtained in terms of internationalization, scientific production, contributions toward the discovery of new therapies and novel genes associated to diseases, cooperation with patients' associations and many other topics related to RD research