Colonial Origins of Inequality in Hispanic America? Some reflections based on new empirical evidence

This paper attempts at contributing to the ongoing debate on the historical roots of the high economic inequality of contemporary Iberian America. Basically empirical, our approach departs from mainstream scholarship. We show new data on wages and heights in several viceroyalties that: 1) suggest relatively medium to high levels of material welfare among the commoners in Bourbon Hispanic America; 2) allow us to build indexes of economic inequality. An international comparison of those indexes casts some doubts on the widely accepted view that Viceroyal America’s economy was exclusively based on extremely unequal or extractive institutions, as it has been popularized by the influential works by Engerman and Sokoloff (1994, 2002, 2005), Acemoglu et al. (2002).economic inequality, Iberian America, Viceroyal America’s economy

A generalized least squares estimation method for VARMA models. (Revised edition).

In this paper a new generalized least squares procedure for estimating VARMA models is proposed. This method differs from existing ones in explicitly considering the stochastic structure of the approximation error that arises when lagged innovations are replaced with lagged residuals obtained from a long VAR. Simulation results indicate that this method improves the accuracy of estimates with small and moderate sample sizes, and increases the frequency of identifying small nonzero parameters, with respect to both Double Regression and exact maximum likelihood estimation procedures

"Incerta omnia, sola mors certa". Muerte, sepultura y templo

This text will highlight the human specificity of burials and their religious and cultural institutionalization. This symbolic singularity, accredited since ancient times in the homo species, involves an awareness of death and the post mortem life that will cross all cultural eras of humanity. Where human makes presence, respect for the dead in their graves also appears. It will also reveal continuity between the notion of grave and the temple, where both spaces are considered sacred and religious venues.El presente texto pondrá de relieve la especificidad humana de los enterramientos y su institucionalización cultural y religiosa. Esta singularidad simbólica, acreditada desde tiempos remotos en el género homo, conlleva una conciencia de la muerte y de la vida post mortem que recorrerá todas las épocas culturales de la humanidad. Allí donde lo humano hace presencia lo hace el respeto por los muertos localizados en sus sepulturas. Además, se pretende constatar la continuidad entre la noción de sepultura y la de templo, en tanto que ambos espacios son considerados recintos sagrados y de culto

Observational Δν\Delta\nu-ρˉ\bar\rho relation for δ\delta Sct stars using eclipsing binaries and space photometry

Delta Scuti ($\delta$ Sct) stars are intermediate-mass pulsators, whose intrinsic oscillations have been studied for decades. However, modelling their pulsations remains a real theoretical challenge, thereby even hampering the precise determination of global stellar parameters. In this work, we used space photometry observations of eclipsing binaries with a $\delta$ Sct component to obtain reliable physical parameters and oscillation frequencies. Using that information, we derived an observational scaling relation between the stellar mean density and a frequency pattern in the oscillation spectrum. This pattern is analogous to the solar-like large separation but in the low order regime. We also show that this relation is independent of the rotation rate. These findings open the possibility of accurately characterizing this type of pulsator and validate the frequency pattern as a new observable for $\delta$ Sct stars.Comment: 11 pages, including 2 pages of appendix, 2 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in ApJ

Barkas effect in the stopping power for ions with different ionization degrees

The Barkas effect in the electronic stopping power for dressed projectiles moving in a free electron gas is studied for a wide range of velocities v . The interaction of the projectile with the target is described using screened interaction potentials, which take into account the self screening due to the projectile bound electrons and the external screening produced by the target electron gas. The Barkas factor is obtained from a classical simulation of the scattering of the target electrons in the potential of the projectile and that of its antiparticle, following the transport cross section model. A large set of numerical simulations were made for different projectiles, degrees of ionization and velocities. We find that the Barkas factor increases at high energies with the number of projectile bound electrons, whereas its velocity dependence changes from the v-3v-3 behavior for bare projectiles to a v-2v-2 behavior for neutral ones. Interesting effects of curve crossings in the Barkas factor at different degrees of ionization as a function of the projectile velocity are observed. A simple scaling law for neutral and fully ionized projectiles is also derived.The work of RGM and IA has been supported by the European Regional Development Fund and the Spanish Ministerio de Economía and Competitividad (Project No. FIS2010-17225)

Determinación espectrofotométrica de Bi(III) con diacetildiisonicotín hidrazona (dDIH) en sales de uso farmacéutico

Se propone un nuevo método espectrofotométrico de determinación de Bi(III) con diacetil diisonicotin hidrazona (dDIH) en las siguientes sales básicas de uso farmacéutico: Carbonato, galato, nitrato y silicato. Se describe el tratamiento previo de la muestra, rango de aplicación y precisión del método.A new spectrophotometric method for the Bi(III) determination is proposed in the following pharmaceuticals (basic salts): carbonate, galate, nitrate and silicate. Previous treatment, concentration range and precision are described