Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound to establish breast prosthesis rupture in a patient with transoperative diagnosis of synmastia and contralateral implant migration. A case report

Breast augmentation surgery with implants is the most performed cosmetic surgical procedure in the world. The most common local complications after breast implant surgery using silicone implants are capsular contracture and implant rupture. In this article we present the case of a patient with unilateral prosthetic rupture and symmastia with migration of silicone gel and implant shell to the contralateral breast. Although breast symptoms and abnormal physical examination can lead to the diagnosis of breast implant rupture, neither represents a reliable predictive value. Ultrasound has variable sensitivity and specificity, ranging from 54-67% and 64-92% respectively. The evolution of silicone implants has improved the safety of the implants and of the patients, however the durability and the need for replacement is still a controversial issue. Taking into account that the cases of implant rupture have been increasing with time due to different etiologies, one of them obviating the necessary replacement, we must consider the use of breast ultrasound as the cornerstone for the study of the same

Rapid colour changes in Euglena sanguinea (Euglenophyceae) caused by internal lipid globule migration

The accumulation of red pigments under chronic stress is a response observed in most groups of oxygenic photoautotrophs. It is thought that the red pigments in the cell shield the chlorophyll located underneath from the light. Among these red pigments, the accumulation of carotenoids is one of the most frequent cases. However, the synthesis or degradation of carotenoids is a slow process and this response is usually only observed when the stress is maintained over a period of time. In the Euglenophyte Euglena sanguinea, this is due to the accumulation of a large amount of free and esterified astaxanthin (representing 80% of the carotenoid pool). While reddening is a slow and sometimes irreversible process in other phototrophs, reducing the efficiency of light harvesting by chlorophyll, in E. sanguinea it is highly dynamic, capable of shifting from red to green (and vice-versa) in 10-20 min. This change is not due to de novo carotenogenesis, but to the relocation of cytoplasmic lipid globules where astaxanthin accumulates. Thus, red globules migrate from the centre of the cell to peripheral locations when photoprotection is demanded. This protective system seems to be so efficient that other classical mechanisms are not operative in this species. For example, despite the presence and operation of the diadino-diatoxanthin cycle, nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) is almost undetectable. Since E. sanguinea forms extensive floating colonies, reddening can be observed at much greater scale than at a cellular level, the mechanism described here being one of the fastest and most dramatic colour changes attributable to photosynthetic organisms at cell and landscape level. In sum, these data indicate an extremely dynamic and efficient photoprotective mechanism based on organelle migration more than on carotenoid biosynthesis that prevents excess light absorption by chlorophylls reducing the need for other protective processes related to energy dissipation.This work was supported by the Basque Government [UPV/EHU-GV IT-1018-16] [UPV/EHU PPG17/67 – GV IT-1040-16], and by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) and the European Research and Development Foundation (FEDER) through (i) [CTM2014-53902-C2-2-P] national grant and (ii) a “Juan de la Cierva-Incorporación” postdoctoral grant [IJCI-2014-22489] to BFM

«Ius» y «directum»: el Derecho canónico como sistema de deberes.

Material incluido en el volumen especial de la revista del Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta, Universidad de Navarra : Ius Canonicum (1999), en honor de Javier Hervada

Los tributos en el Ordenamiento canónico. Su praxis.

Material incluido en el volumen especial de la revista del Instituto Martín de Azpilcueta, Universidad de Navarra : Ius Canonicum (1999), en honor de Javier Hervada