Root Fractures in the Primary Teeth and Their Management: A Scoping Review

(1) Background: Traumatic dental injuries constitute a major global health problem. Primary deciduous teeth of the upper frontal group are frequently affected by trauma, especially at an early age. It is important to treat primary traumatic injuries because early tooth loss can lead to aesthetic and functional alterations. The most common injuries are extrusion, lateral luxation, and intrusion. Root fracture is a less common complication that can lead to tooth extraction if not properly diagnosed and managed. However, there are a lack of data regarding primary root fracture treatment. The literature was reviewed to study the current knowledge on the treatment of these injuries, and to propose an operative protocol based on the results obtained. (2) Methods: A literature search was performed on Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, and SCOPUS. The research focused on the following features: age of the patient; localization of the root fracture and type of displacement suffered (intrusive, extrusive, or lateral); type of emergency treatment or diagnostic test performed and their compliance with IADT guidelines; follow-up duration. (2) Results: Only 8 articles fully met the inclusion criteria, with a total of 46 patients and 62 root fractures. Out of a total of 62 root fractures, regarding only upper incisors, the most common treatment was splinting (n = 39) for a period ranging from 3 weeks to 3 months (with an average of six weeks). No treatment was performed for 23 of the root fractures. The splinting performed in most of the included cases was semi-rigid, with the splint held in place using a composite resin material. An orthodontic splint using brackets and 0.5 mm stainless steel wire was used in only in one study. (4) Conclusions: We deduced that the root fracture of primary teeth is a rare traumatic dental injury that can cause numerous complications, such as eruptive problems in the permanent teeth. Correct radiological diagnosis, immediate repositioning and semi-rigid splinting could be conservative methods to prevent premature tooth loss in very young patients

Exploring the interdependencies of research funders in the UK

Investment in medical research is vital to the continuing improvement of the UK's health and wealth. It is through research that we expand our understanding of disease and develop new treatments for patients. Medical research charities currently contribute over £1 billion annually to medical research in the UK, of which over £350 million is provided by Cancer Research UK. Many charities, including Cancer Research UK, receive no government funding for their research activity. Cancer Research UK is engaged in a programme of work in order to better understand the medical research funding environment and demonstrate the importance of sustained investment. A key part of that is the Office of Health Economics‟ (OHE) 2011 report “Exploring the interdependency between public and charitable medical research”. This study found that there are substantial benefits, both financial and qualitative, from the existence of a variety of funders and that reductions in the level of government financial support for medical research are likely to have broader negative effects. This contributed to other evidence which found that the activities and funding of the charity, public and private sectors respectively are complementary, i.e. mutually reinforcing, rather than duplicative or merely substituting for one another. “Exploring the interdependencies of research funders in the UK” by the Office of Health Economics (OHE) and SPRU: Science and Technology Policy Research at the University of Sussex, represents a continued effort to build the evidence base around the funding of medical research. This report uncovers the extent to which funders of cancer research are interdependent, nationally and internationally. Key figures show that two thirds of publications acknowledging external support have relied on multiple funders, while just under half benefited from overseas funding, and almost a fifth are also supported by industry. In addition the analysis shows that the general public would not want tax funding of cancer research to be reduced, but would not donate enough to charities to compensate for any such reduction

Production of monoclonal antibodies to Grapevine virus D and contribution to the study of its aetiological role in grapevine diseases

Six stable hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to Grapevine virus D (GVD) were obtained by fusing spleen cells of immunized BALB/c mice with mouse myeloma cell line Sp 2/0-Ag 14, In ELISA all MAbs detected the virus in Nicotiana leaf extracts or cortical shavings from mature grapevine canes, The use of a polyclonal antiserum for coating plates and of monoclonal antibodies and antimouse-conjugated antibodies for antigen detection, gave highly efficient and reproducible results for identification of GVD in field-grown grapevines. The reliability of the ELISA kit was confirmed by GVD-transmission tests to herbaceous hosts, using in vitro explants as inoculum, 223 vines affected by one or more of the 4 syndroms of the rugose wood complex (Kober stem grooving, Corky bark, LN stem grooving and Rupestris stem pitting) were tested in ELISA for the detection of Grapevine virus A (GVA), Grapevine virus B (GVB) and GVD and by Western blot for the detection of Grapevine rupestris stem pitting associated virus (GRSPaV). The possible cause-effect relationship between GVA and KSG, GVB and Co, and GRSPaV and RSP was confirmed, but no consistent association was found between GVD and any of the 4 above syndromes, Intriguingly, a reduction in the expression of stem pitting symptoms in V. rupestris (from 90 % to 75 %) and of stem grooving symptoms in Kober 5BB (from 95 % to 70 %) was observed when vitiviruses and GRSPaV were contemporarily present in the same indicator. Preliminary data of a survey involving 676 grapevine samples showed a high incidence (31 %) of GVD, regardless of the geographical origin of samples.

Mediating Performance Through Virtual Agents

This paper presents the process of creation of virtual agents used in a virtual reality performance. The performance aimed to investigate how drama and performance could inform the creation of virtual agents and also how virtual reality could raise questions for drama and performance. The virtual agents were based on the performance of 2 actors. This paper describes the process of preparing the actors, capturing their performances and transferring them to the virtual agents. A second set of agents was created using non-professional 'naive performers' rather than actors

Analysis of the urine microbiological results and its impact on the protocol of the prophylaxis of the urology department in our area

Objetivos: Analizar cuáles son los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados en los urinocultivos realizados en nuestro centro hospitalario. Estudiar el antibiograma de dichos gérmenes para definir cuál es la mejor profilaxis preoperatoria en la cirugía urológica en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de todos los urinocultivos de pacientes adultos recogidos en el Servicio de Microbiología de nuestro hospital durante el año 2015. La identificación y estudio de sensibilidad de los microorganismos aislados se realizó mediante el sistema automático Vitek 2 (BioMèrieux), seleccionando los antibióticos en función del microorganismo aislado. Se estudió el antibiograma comparándolo con las sugerencias recogidas en la última actualización de las Guías Europeas de Urología sobre infecciones urológicas, que recomiendan ampliamente el empleo de fluorquinolonas, cotrimoxazol, aminopenicilinas/betalactamasas y cefalosporinas en la cirugía limpia-contaminada, la más frecuente en nuestra actividad quirúrgica. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 11.987 muestras de orina, de las cuales 3.457 (28%) fueron positivas en la detección de microorganismos. Los más frecuentes aislados fueron Escherichia coli (46%%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%) y Enterococcus faecalis (11%). En el análisis de los antibiogramas se detectaron resistencias superiores al 30% en E.coli frente a los antibióticos recomendados en las Guías de referencia. De igual forma, E. faecalis, otro de los uropatógenos más frecuentes es intrínsecamente resistente a cefalosporinas. Conclusión: El empleo de guías clínicas con grados de recomendación es de vital importancia en la patología infecciosa urológica, debiéndose adecuar al entorno microbiológico de cada área. En nuestro caso, inferimos que tanto el empleo de amoxicilina-clavulánico como fosfomicina se perfilan como la mejor opción para la profilaxis preoperatoria en pacientes de bajo riesgo así, como para el manejo empírico en casos de infección urinaria.Object: To analyze which are the more often microorganism isolated in the urine cultures in our hospital. To study the antibiogram to define which is the best preoperative prophylaxis in our urological surgeries. Material and methods: We retrospective reviewed consecutive urine culture samples assembled in adult patients in the Service of Microbiology in our hospital during 2015. The identification and study of sensibility of the isolated microorganisms was realized by means of the automatic system Vitek 2 (BioMèrieux), selecting the antibiotics according to the isolated microorganism. The antibiogram was studied comparing the suggestions gathered in the last update of the European Guides of Urología in urological infections, that recommend employment extensively: fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, aminopenicillins / beta-lactamases and cephalosporins in the clean-contaminated, most frequent surgery in our daily surgical practice. Results: In total 11.987 urine samples were evaluated, 3.457 (28%) were positive. The most frequent micro-organisms isolated were Escherichia coli (46%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%) and Enterococcus faecalis (11%). In the antibiogram analysis resistances was detected up to 30% in E. coli, opposite to the antibiotics recommendations in the Guides of reference. Even, E. faecalis, another of the most frequent uropathogens is intrinsically resistant to cefalosporins. Conclusions: The use of clinical guides with grade of recommendation it is of vital importance in the urological infection pathology, and they should be adapted to the microbiological environment of each area. In our case, we infer that the use of Amoxicillin-clavulanic and Fosfomycin are outlined like the best option for preoperative prophylaxis in low risk patients and for empirical handling in cases of urine infection

High-quality permanent draft genome sequence of Rhizobium sullae strain WSM1592; a Hedysarum coronarium microsymbiont from Sassari, Italy

Rhizobium sullae strain WSM1592 is an aerobic, Gram-negative, non-spore-forming rod that was isolated from an effective nitrogen (N2) fixing root nodule formed on the short-lived perennial legume Hedysarum coronarium (also known as Sulla coronaria or Sulla). WSM1592 was isolated from a nodule recovered from H. coronarium roots located in Ottava, bordering Sassari, Sardinia in 1995. WSM1592 is highly effective at fixing nitrogen with H. coronarium, and is currently the commercial Sulla inoculant strain in Australia. Here we describe the features of R. sullae strain WSM1592, together with genome sequence information and its annotation. The 7,530,820 bp high-quality permanent draft genome is arranged into 118 scaffolds of 118 contigs containing 7.453 protein-coding genes and 73 RNA-only encoding genes. This rhizobial genome is sequenced as part of the DOE Joint Genome Institute 2010 Genomic Encyclopedia for Bacteria and Archaea-Root Nodule Bacteria (GEBA-RNB) project

Comparing and Evaluating Real Time Character Engines for Virtual Environments

As animated characters increasingly become vital parts of virtual environments, then the engines that drive these characters increasingly become vital parts of virtual environment software. This paper gives an overview of the state of the art in character engines, and proposes a taxonomy of the features that are commonly found in them. This taxonomy can be used as a tool for comparison and evaluation of different engines. In order to demonstrate this we use it to compare three engines. The first is Cal3D, the most commonly used open source engine. We also introduce two engines created by the authors, Piavca and HALCA. The paper ends with a brief discussion of some other popular engines

Clustering of antibiotic resistance of E. coli in couples: suggestion for a major role of conjugal transmission

BACKGROUND: Spread of antibiotic resistance in hospitals is a well-known problem, but studies investigating the importance of factors potentially related to the spread of resistant bacteria in outpatients are sparse. METHODS: Stool samples were obtained from 206 healthy couples in a community setting in Southern Germany in 2002–2003. E. coli was cultured and minimal inhibition concentrations were tested. Prevalences of E. coli resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics according to potential risk factors were ascertained. RESULTS: Prevalences of ampicillin resistance were 15.7% and 19.4% for women and men, respectively. About ten percent and 15% of all isolates were resistant to cotrimoxazole and doxycycline, respectively. A partner carrying resistance was the main risk factor for being colonized with resistant E. coli. Odds ratios (95% CI) for ampicillin and cotrimoxazole resistance given carriage of resistant isolates by the partner were 6.9 (3.1–15.5) and 3.3 (1.5–18.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that conjugal transmission may be more important for the spread of antibiotic resistance in the community setting than commonly suspected risk factors such as previous antibiotic intake or hospital contacts

Integrating Escherichia coli Antimicrobial Susceptibility Data from Multiple Surveillance Programs

Collaboration between networks presents opportunities to increase analytical power and cross-validate findings. Multivariate analyses of 2 large, international datasets (MYSTIC and SENTRY) from the Global Advisory on Antibiotic Resistance Data program explored temporal, geographic, and demographic trends in Escherichia coli resistance from 1997 to 2001. Elevated rates of nonsusceptibility were seen in Latin America, southern Europe, and the western Pacific, and lower rates were seen in North America. For most antimicrobial drugs considered, nonsusceptibility was higher in isolates from men, older patients, and intensive care unit patients. Nonsusceptibility to ciprofloxacin was higher in younger patients, rose with time, and was not associated with intensive care unit status. In univariate analyses, estimates of nonsusceptibility from MYSTIC were consistently higher than those from SENTRY, but these differences disappeared in multivariate analyses, which supports the epidemiologic relevance of findings from the 2 programs, despite differences in surveillance strategies