263 research outputs found
Imagoly: travels and images. 19 th century french travels in Russia
Imagology studies the representations of otherness in literature: other countries, other people. This critical approach has determined its fields. Dealing with several French travels accounts in Russia published during the 19h century (Mme de Stael, Dumas, Gautier), we can see how images can appear and flourish in travel accounts as well as in literary works, as both genres share their words and concepts about othernes
Le problĂšme de âlâĂ©crivain au fouetâ : Die Blendung, dâElias Canetti
Dans Die Blendung (Ă©crit en 1930, publiĂ© en 1935), Canetti met en scĂšne un misanthrope qui sâisole dans sa bibliothĂšque : Ă travers ce personnage, il rĂšgle certains de ses comptes avec Karl Kraus, le grand Ă©crivain et publiciste viennois qui lâa profondĂ©ment marquĂ©. Les critiques ont en effet montrĂ© que Peter Kien et Karl Kraus ont en commun dâĂȘtre « sans-dialogue » (« dialoglos ») (G. Stieg). Pourtant, dans un volume de son autobiographie, Jeux de regard (1985), Canetti affirme rĂ©trospectivement que son roman reste influencĂ© par Kraus : le romancier sây pose en effet en « écrivain au fouet » (« Schreiber mit der Peitsche ») chĂątiant ses crĂ©atures. Or Canetti, tout en assumant une Ă©thique de la « responsabilité » qui hĂ©rite de Kraus, sâoppose dĂ©sormais Ă toute position surplombante de lâĂ©crivain par rapport au monde. Il nâest cependant pas sĂ»r que lâĆuvre tardive de Canetti se soit vraiment dĂ©gagĂ©e de lâunion entre morale et Ă©criture, qui fonde lâĂ©criture satirique
Ecological niches of three teuthophageous odontocetes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea
In the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, sperm whales, pilot whales and Risso's dolphins prey exclusively or preferentially on cephalopods. In order to evaluate their competition, we modelled their habitat suitability with the Ecological Niche Factor Analysis (ENFA) and compared their ecological niches using a discriminant analysis. We used a long term (1995-2005) small boat data set, with visual and acoustic (sperm whale) detections. Risso's dolphin had the shallowest and the more spatially restricted principal habitat, mainly located on the upper part of the continental slope (640 m mean depth). With a wider principal habitat, at 1750 m depth in average, the sperm whale used a deeper part of the slope as well as the closest offshore waters. Finally, the pilot whale has the most oceanic habitat (2500 m mean depth) mainly located in the central Ligurian Sea and Provencal basin. Therefore, potential competition for food between these species may be reduced by the differentiation of their habitats
Consigner lâĂ©vĂ©nement : Les journaux du voyage de Marchand (1790-1792) et les Isles de la RĂ©volution
Le voyage dâĂtienne Marchand appartient aux circumnavigations europĂ©ennes de la fin du xviiie siĂšcle : sa route, inspirĂ©e par le commerce de pelleteries entre Nootka et Macao, nâest pas originale et il aurait pu tomber dans lâoubli. En effet, le Solide, lancĂ© par des armateurs privĂ©s, nâavait quâune mission commerciale. Il quitta Marseille en dĂ©cembre 1790 ; son retour en aoĂ»t 1792 passa inaperçu. Ce voyage, fiasco commercial, est pourtant assez remarquable par sa rapiditĂ© et, quoiquâil ait Ă©tĂ© presque partout prĂ©cĂ©dĂ©, par la dĂ©couverte du groupe Nord des Marquises, quâil baptise Isles de la RĂ©volution. Le rĂ©cit de cette escale est conjuguĂ© selon diffĂ©rents modes : le Journal de bord de Marchand lui-mĂȘme, le compte rendu envoyĂ© de lâĂźle de France en avril 1792, la brochure Ă©ditĂ©e en 1793, les journaux de Chanal et de Roblet, le second et le chirurgien, publiĂ©s par Fleurieu, enrichis dâune large introduction historique et de dĂ©veloppements naturalistes et hydrologiques. Tous ces rĂ©cits proposent des analyses Ă©voluant selon les progrĂšs de la RĂ©volution, dont on peut Ă©valuer la perception historique et la rĂ©ception : le choix des Ă©vĂ©nements rapportĂ©s, leur Ă©clairage. Comment la RĂ©volution française a-t-elle pu se greffer sur des Ăźles devenues emblĂ©matiques dâune histoire qui nâĂ©tait pas la leur ?Recording the Event : the Journals of the Marchand Voyage (1790â1792) and the Isles of the RevolutionThe voyage of Ătienne Marchand belongs to the European circumnavigations of the end of the 18 th. century. His route, inspired by the skinâtrade between Nootka Sound and Macao, was hardly original and might well have fallen into oblivion. The Solide was a private merchant vessel whose mission was strictly commercial. She sailed from Marseilles in December 1790 and her return in August 1792 went unnoticed. The voyage, although a commercial fiasco, is noteworthy on account of its speed and the discovery, on a route where others had mostly gone before, of the northern group of the Marquesas Islands which he baptised the Isles of the Revolution. The narrative of this landfall took various forms : Marchandâs own logâbook, the account sent from the lle de France (Mauritius) in April 1792, the booklet published in 1793, the diaries of Chanal and Roblet, the first mate and surgeon, published by Fleurieu, enriched with a generous historical introduction and naturalist and hydrological observations. All these accounts were written with an eye to the progress of the Revolution, the historical angle and readership are reflected in the choice of events recorded and the manner in which they are cast. How was it that the French Revolution was transplanted to these remote islands, turning them into emblems of a history which was not theirsÂ
CIRN/GREC 2014 Campaign report
A cetacean survey campaign was performed around SĂŁo Miguel Island (Azores) by Anacaona Sailing boat (GREC) from May 8th to May 17th and from July 4th to August 1st of 2014. The team conducted a total of 18 days of effort around the island. A total of 9 species were sighted during the survey: common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trucnatus), stripped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), rissoâs dolphin (Grampus griseus), sperm whale (Physter macrocephalus), fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) and Blainville beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris). The common dolphin together with the Atlantic spotted dolphin were the most sighted species. Some differences in the distribution between the species can be appreciated in the corrected effort maps. Acoustic data is currently under study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Comparative distribution of Common Dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and Striped Dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in western Mediterranean Sea
La distribution et lâhabitat du Dauphin bleu et blanc et du Dauphin commun ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s dans le bassin occidental de mer MĂ©diterranĂ©e grĂące Ă des prospections estivales rĂ©alisĂ©es en voilier motorisĂ© de 1988 Ă 2012. Lâeffort de prospection de 57 912 km a permis dâobtenir 2300 observations de Dauphin bleu et blanc contre 46 de Dauphin commun, ce dernier Ă©tant cependant prĂ©sent dans la plupart des rĂ©gions Ă©chantillonnĂ©es. Pour le Dauphin bleu et blanc, lâindice dâabondance relative (IAR) est Ă©levĂ© dans les rĂ©gions septentrionales et en mer dâAlboran, avec environ un dauphin observĂ© par kilomĂštre d'effort. Le Dauphin commun est rare dans les zones proches de la France continentale, et son abondance relative est maximale en mer dâAlboran (0,38 dauphin par km), elle apparaĂźt modĂ©rĂ©e dans la rĂ©gion ouest Sardaigne, et significative dans les rĂ©gions du sud du bassin. Pour lâensemble des rĂ©gions, lâhabitat topographique de chaque espĂšce est distinct, le Dauphin bleu et blanc favorisant les eaux du talus et le domaine ocĂ©anique, alors que le Dauphin commun prĂ©fĂšre les eaux cĂŽtiĂšres et le talus supĂ©rieur, nâayant presque jamais Ă©tĂ© observĂ© dans les eaux trĂšs profondes. Les statistiques dâĂ©chouage en MĂ©diterranĂ©e française sont en accord avec nos observations, mais en plus elles indiquent une baisse de frĂ©quence d'Ă©chouage du Dauphin commun depuis 1980, avec gĂ©nĂ©ralement moins de 1 % des Ă©chouages de delphinidĂ©s de nos jours, alors que le Dauphin bleu et blanc reprĂ©sente actuellement environ 80 % des cas. La frĂ©quence d'Ă©chouage du Dauphin commun est actuellement plus Ă©levĂ©e en Corse que sur le continent, toujours en accord avec les rĂ©sultats de nos prospections. Selon les donnĂ©es historiques dâĂ©chouages, les frĂ©quences des deux espĂšces Ă©taient plus Ă©quilibrĂ©es dans la premiĂšre partie du XXe siĂšcle. Cependant, une partie des mentions anciennes a pu ĂȘtre affectĂ©e par des confusions entre les deux espĂšces. L'ensemble des Ă©lĂ©ments suggĂšre que le Dauphin bleu et blanc Ă©tait autrefois prĂ©sent dans les eaux ocĂ©aniques au large des cĂŽtes françaises, comme aujourd'hui, et que le Dauphin commun Ă©tait frĂ©quent dans les eaux peu profondes du nord-ouest du bassin occidental.The summer distribution and habitat of the Striped Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalba and Common Dolphin Delphinus delphis in the western Mediterranean Sea were investigated with small boat survey data collected from 1988 to 2012. An effective survey effort of 57 912 km enabled to collect 2300 sightings of Striped Dolphin and 46 of Common Dolphin, in most regions of the western basin. High Striped Dolphin relative abundance indices (RAI) were obtained in the northernmost regions and the Alboran Sea, about one dolphin per km of effort, and very low Common Dolphin RAI were obtained off the French continental coast. Common dolphin relative abundance was at the highest in the Alboran Sea (about 0.38 individual/km), moderate in the western Sardinia regions, and significant in other southern regions. Striped and Common Dolphins did not share the same topographic habitat, the former favouring slope and oceanic waters (mean bottom depth 1839 m) and the latter being more frequent in the shelf and slope domains (mean bottom depth 649 m). However, Striped Dolphin was frequently observed in the three habitat types, when Common Dolphin was almost not recorded in the oceanic domain. French stranding statistics were in agreement with our survey results and suggested that Striped Dolphin frequency increased during the 20th century, when Common Dolphin strandings decreased, in particular on French continental shores. However, both species were present in records since the 19th century. While some scientific accounts mentioned Common Dolphin as 'common' and Striped Dolphin as 'rare', erroneous identifications and dubious mentions were identified in the literature. The overall picture suggests that the Striped Dolphin is, and was, a common species in oceanic waters of the western Mediterranean Sea, while the Common Dolphin occupies and occupied a more specific habitat in shallower waters, certainly in relation to its preferred diet. Common Dolphins might have disappeared from regions where their preferred habitat has been overexploited. This study brings new elements to understand Common Dolphin current conservation issues in the Mediterranean Sea
Comparison of the summer habitat of four preferential teuthophagous cetaceans in north-western Mediterranean Sea
Quatre des huit espĂšces de cĂ©tacĂ©s communes en MĂ©diterranĂ©e occidentale sont considĂ©rĂ©es comme des teuthophages quasi-exclusifs ou prĂ©fĂ©rentiels: le Dauphin de Risso, le GlobicĂ©phale noir, le Ziphius de Cuvier et le Cachalot. Ces quatre cĂ©tacĂ©s pourraient ĂȘtre en concurrence pour les proies ou lâoccupation dâhabitats favorables. On connaĂźt peu de choses sur les cĂ©phalopodes que ces odontocĂštes consomment, car ce sont en majoritĂ© des espĂšces ocĂ©aniques ou pĂ©lagiques non commerciales, mais ils frĂ©quentent tous le bassin nord-occidental en Ă©tĂ©. Nous avons utilisĂ© des donnĂ©es de prospection obtenues sur le long terme (1988 Ă 2012) pour dĂ©crire lâhabitat estival de ces quatre espĂšces en considĂ©rant cinq variables topographiques et hydrologiques, Ă lâaide de mĂ©thodes uni- ou multivariĂ©es (analyse discriminante). Les analyses ont Ă©tĂ© conduites sur des donnĂ©es de prĂ©sence seule ou des donnĂ©es de prĂ©sence-absence. Les variables « profondeur » et « distance Ă lâisobathe 200 m » sont celles qui discriminent le mieux les quatre espĂšces, qui n'occupent pas les mĂȘmes habitats, le Cachalot Ă©tant le cĂ©tacĂ© le moins sĂ©lectif et le GlobicĂ©phale lâespĂšce la plus sĂ©lective. Lâanalyse discriminante permet une trĂšs bonne classification du Ziphius (84,6 %) et du GlobicĂ©phale (83,7 %), une classification moyenne du Dauphin de Risso (66,0 %), et mĂ©diocre du Cachalot (29,6 %). Ă l'instar dâautres rĂ©gions du monde, le GlobicĂ©phale et le Dauphin de Risso ne partagent pas les mĂȘmes habitats estivaux en MĂ©diterranĂ©e. Les habitats prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©s des quatre espĂšces dĂ©terminent les rĂ©gions oĂč elles sont abondantes en Ă©tĂ© en MĂ©diterranĂ©e nord-occidentale, le GlobicĂ©phale noir Ă©tant absent de mer TyrrhĂ©nienne nord, et le Ziphius rare en zone provençale. La description des rĂ©gimes alimentaires permet de distinguer deux espĂšces gĂ©nĂ©ralistes, le Dauphin de Risso et le GlobicĂ©phale, qui se nourrissent de calmars benthiques ou pĂ©lagiques, et une espĂšce sĂ©lective, le Ziphius. La faible connaissance du rĂ©gime alimentaire du Cachalot dans la rĂ©gion Ă©tudiĂ©e est un frein Ă une meilleure comprĂ©hension de lâĂ©cologie locale de cette espĂšce.More than 50 squid species inhabit the Mediterranean Sea and four of the common cetacean species are preferential squid eaters. This suggests that teuthophagous cetaceans might be in competition for food and suitable habitats. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out from long term dedicated survey data (1988-2012) in the north-western Mediterranean, including the northern Tyrrhenian Sea. A total of 298 on-effort sightings were obtained between 1988 and 2012, including 202 on effective effort: 157 observations of Sperm whale, 39 of Cuvier's beaked whale, 49 of Long-finned pilot whale and 53 of Risso's dolphin. Five environmental variables (depth, slope, distance-to-200m-isobath (D200), monthly chlorophyll concentration and SST) were defined for every 3x3 km cell in the western basin, as well as summer sighting rates using Pennington estimators for each individual species. Based on Kruskal-Wallis test, the observed habitats were not homogeneous for all species, excepted for SST: preferred depth was significantly distinct for each species. D200 was also distinct, with the exception of the pair Cuvier's beaked whale/pilot whale. Based on a discriminant analysis (stepwise ascending mode), four variables contributed significantly (Wilk's lambda = 0.49) to habitat description of the four species, the most important of them being the depth. Discriminant function was highly efficient to classify Cuvier's beaked whale and pilot whale habitats (respectively 84.6 % and 83.7 % success rate), but sperm whale was poorly discriminated from other species (29.6 % correct prediction). Cuvier's beaked whale and pilot whale habitats were well separated, when those of sperm whale and Risso's dolphin largely overlapped. From available results from different regions worldwide, it seems that Risso's dolphins and pilot whales are rarely abundant together in a given area, which raises the question of a possible competition between these teuthophagous delphinids. Based on published literature, these findings are correlated with known diet preferences, even if sperm whale preys are still poorly documented in the Mediterranean
Ephemeris and Celestial Navigation. Melvilleâs Mardi as Astronomical Metaphor
Melville, en tant que marin, a souvent exprimĂ© son goĂ»t pour lâastronomie, les Ă©phĂ©mĂ©rides et leurs ressources narratologiques : cette fascination se manifeste dans le systĂšme mĂ©taphorique qui sous-tend toute la structure de Mardi et le monde quâil parcourt : ce pĂ©riple prend sens si lâon considĂšre que le hĂ©ros voyage dans lâorbite des Ă©toiles. Melville avait lu de nombreux « voyages dans la lune », et son roman pourrait ĂȘtre directement inspirĂ© des Ćuvres de Cyrano de Bergerac, Kepler ou Godwin. En outre, au moment oĂč il Ă©crit ses romans polynĂ©siens, les questions astronomiques sont dâactualitĂ© avec le passage de la comĂšte de Halley en particulier, ce nom Ă©tant le palindrome presque parfait du nom de lâhĂ©roĂŻne Yillahâce qui permet de lire lâensemble du roman comme une vaste mĂ©taphore astronomique touchant le sens du roman dans son ensemble, Ă interprĂ©ter comme un voyage dans les astres, en particulier dans le monde planĂ©taire de Mardi et de lâanneau de ses Ăźles.Melville as a sailor expressed his fascination for astronomy, ephemerides and their creative potential, which is evidenced in the metaphorical setting that structures the whole argument of Mardi âs confusing world. Indeed, the hero sails on the orbit of stars. Melville had read many âtravels to the moon,â and his novel might be directly inspired by Cyrano de Bergerac, Kepler or Godwin. Moreover, at the time he was writing his Polynesian novels, Melville could not ignore astronomical topics such as the passage of Halleyâs comet. Its name is the nearly perfect palindrome of Yillah, which imparts a major metaphorical and celestial dimension to the topography of Mardi and its rings of islands. Instead of being a travelogue-satire, the entire novel operates as an astronomical metaphor
Summer distribution of fin whales (balaenoptera physalus) in the northwestern Mediterranean marine mammals sanctuary
Nous avons étudié la distribution du Rorqual commun dans la région du Sanctuaire des MammifÚres marins de Méditerranée nord-occidentale en conduisant une série de prospections estivales entre 1991-2000. Les campagnes en mer se sont déroulées à bord de bateaux de 10-12 mÚtres en juillet et août et ont consisté en des échantillonnages aléatoires à une vitesse de 5 noeuds (1991-94) puis 6 noeuds en moyenne. Trois observateurs étaient à poste en permanence et toutes les 20-30 minutes les conditions environnementales et la position du bateau étaient consignées. Un total de 12 755 kilomÚtres d'échantillonnage effectif a ainsi été réalisé, au cours duquel 274 observations de Rorquals ont été enregistrées. La distribution moyenne montre une préférence pour les eaux de plus de 2 000 m de profondeur et une distance à la cÎte de 30 à 60 km, avec un taux d'observation moyen de 3,0 baleines/100 km, qui est maximal (3 à 6 baleines/100 km) dans une zone annulaire en mer Ligure. Le taux moyen annuel peut atteindre des valeurs faibles de l'ordre de 0,61-1,08 baleine/100 km ou fortes de 6,46-9,01 baleines/100 km certaines années. Cette variabilité inter-annuelle se retrouve dans l'effectif moyen des groupes qui oscille autour de 1,55 individus mais qui, certaines années, est plus bas et, d'autres années, atteint des valeurs de 1,8 à 2,2. à moyenne échelle et au cours d'une saison, on observe que les Rorquals communs ont tendance à étendre leur distribution vers les profondeurs moindres de juillet à août, probablement à la recherche de nourriture. La variabilité de la distribution à grande échelle (tout le bassin), à moyenne échelle (dans la région du Sanctuaire) et petite échelle (organisation spatiale de la population) peut s'expliquer par les fluctuations de l'abondance ou de la disponibilité de la proie préférentielle supposée de B. physalus en Méditerranée: l'euphausiacé Meganyctiphanes norvegica.The summer distribution of fin whales in the northwestem Mediterranean Sea was investigated with sighting surveys during the period 1991 -2000 in 1 0- 1 2 rn boats cruising at a mean speed of 5-6 knots on random sampling tines. The effective visual effort toialled
1 2,755 km in the course of 1 8 surveys during which 274 on-effort fin whale sightings were obtained. Fin whales showed preference for waters deeper than 2 000 rn (mean depth
2 295 rn) and for offshore walers, with a mean distance to shore of 45 . 3 km. A global mean sighting rate of 3 .0 whales/100 km was computed for the whole period of study, and successive survey sighting rates varied from lower values of 0.6 1 - 1 .08 whale / 1 00 km to higher values of 6.46-9.01 whales/1 00 km, suggesting inter-annual variability in large scale distribution. At medium scale, fin whales were shown to expand their distribution range from July to August, being more frequent! y found inshore of the 2 000 rn isobath late in suiruner. At small scale, the mean school size in successive years varied around the global average of 1 .55 whales/sighting, but it was found consistently either low, medium or high during a given year, whenever surveys were available for both July and August. The present findings are consistent with existing knowledge on the ecology of the fin whale main prey, the krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica, particularly as far as distribution and reproductive cycle are concemed
CIRN/GREC 2013 Campaign report
A cetacean survey campaign was performed around SĂŁo Miguel Island (Azores) by Anacaona Sailing boat (GREC) from July 13th to August 24th of 2013. The team conducted a total of 22 days of effort around the island. A total of 8 species was sighted during the survey: common dolphin (Delphinus delphis), atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis), bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops trucnatus), stripped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba), rissoâs dolphin (Grampus griseus), sperm whale (Physter macrocephalus), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis) and beaked whales (Mesoplodon sp.). The common dolphin together with the atlantic spotted dolphin were the most sighted species. Some differences in the distribution between the species can be appreciated in the corrected effort maps. Acoustic data is currently under study.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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