The “Criminal Tribe” and Independence: Partition, Decolonisation, and the State in India's Punjab, 1910s-1980s

On 14-15 August 1947, India obtained freedom from British colonial rule. For the so-called ‘criminal tribes’, however, freedom did not come at the midnight hour but five years later, on 31 August 1952, when the Government of India repealed the Criminal Tribes Act. Enacted by the colonial government in 1871, this draconian legislation sought to control a disparate set of supposedly criminal communities (and later gangs and individuals) through a raft of punitive and surveillance measures. This study examines the postcolonial afterlives of the ‘criminal tribe’ in the region of Punjab. Specifically, it traces the ways in which the postcolonial state re-embedded this ostensibly colonial category of identification in its legislative, discursive and material practices, at the same time as it dismantled the Act itself. The study is primarily situated in the 1940s and 1950s, as Partition and decolonisation wrought enormous changes upon the subcontinent. It argues that state actors, whether politicians, bureaucrats or local officers, infused the ‘criminal tribe’ with heightened salience in the years after 1947 in response to the exigencies of independence and nation-building. Its findings reveal that the ‘criminal tribe’ remained a tangible and intelligible category for the postcolonial state long after its legal abolition, whether in the refugee regime, legal structures and penal practices, or welfare policies for disadvantaged citizens. This sheds light on a hitherto overlooked period of the Criminal Tribes Act, namely the early post-independence years. It examines the continued relevance of the ‘criminal tribe’ within postcolonial statecraft not as an inevitable colonial hangover but the product of more contested lineages and developments rooted both pre- and post-1947. This also offers new insights onto the state at this critical juncture. In contrast to the existing scholarship on the Act, which emphasises its unwavering dominance, this study illustrates the uncertainties, contingencies, and tensions of the late colonial and decolonising state

Criminalizing the Criminal Tribe: Partition, Borders, and the State in India’s Punjab, 1947–55

This article explores the postcolonial criminalization of a so-called criminal tribe in the borderlands of East Punjab in the years following independence and Partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. A small proportion of the Rai Sikhs had been notified by the colonial government under the draconian Criminal Tribes Act (1871), which marked out certain communities as criminal and subjected them to excessive punitive measures. In the years after independence, as the Government of India was dismantling the act, the Rai Sikhs came to be more conclusively aligned with the category of the criminal tribe in the bureaucratic and discursive practices of local state actors. The article contends that this process was no mere colonial legacy but rather the product of concerns that related to the contingent and uncertain nature of the early postcolonial state, specifically those associated with the newly imposed border

Vegetation Structure of Mangrove Ecosystems in Panama

Mangroves provide important habitat for terrestrial and marine wildlife. They buffer shorelines from flooding and sequester excess nutrients and pollutants in runoff before reaching rivers and oceans. Mangroves provide a wintering habitat for migratory bird species. These habitats are being rapidly lost to coastal development. This research focused on assessing the vegetation structure of mangrove ecosystems in Panama

Opioid-Prescribing Practices for Post-Operative Patients in Otolaryngology: A Multiphasic Quality Improvement Project in a Single Large Institution

Objectives: In otolaryngology, postoperative pain management lacks evidence-based guidelines. We investigated opioid prescription and consumption for common procedures to develop prescribing guidelines at our institution. Study Design: Prospective, survey study. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery between July and September were given surveys upon discharge and at first follow-up visit. We assessed opioid usage and pain using the visual analog scale and opioid consumption throughout the postoperative period. Opioid prescriptions were converted to a standardized unit of 5 mg Oxycodone pills for reporting. Four procedures (transoral robotic surgery resection [TORS], sialendoscopy, parathyroidectomy/thyroidectomy, and parotidectomy) were selected for isolated analysis. Results: Of the 80 surveys that met criteria for inclusion for analysis, a total of 1,954.0 pills were prescribed, with 300.3 pills (15.4%) reported having been used by patients, leaving 1,653.7 pills (84.5%) unused. TORS (n=12) average pills used: 4.9 ± 5.9 (95% CI: 1.6-8.3); total % pills unused: 89.3%. Sialendoscopy (n=13) average pills used: 4.2 ± 5.1 (95% CI: 1.1-7.4); total % pills unused: 72.5%. Parathyroidectomy/thyroidectomy (n=22) average pills used: 3.1 ± 4.4 (95% CI: 1.7-5.5); total % pills unused: 79.2%. Parotidectomy (n=12) average pills used: 1.3 ± 2.5 (95% CI: 0.7-4.3); total % pills unused: 94.7%. Conclusions: At our institution, opioids for ((postoperative otolaryngology)) patients’ pain management in otolaryngologic procedures were prescribed in excess with 84.5% reported as unused. Procedure-specific opioid diversion pool ranged from 72.5%-94.7%. Our findings provide a foundation for procedure-specific evidence-based opioid prescription guidelines

Ulnar-sided wrist pain. II. Clinical imaging and treatment

Pain at the ulnar aspect of the wrist is a diagnostic challenge for hand surgeons and radiologists due to the small and complex anatomical structures involved. In this article, imaging modalities including radiography, arthrography, ultrasound (US), computed tomography (CT), CT arthrography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR arthrography are compared with regard to differential diagnosis. Clinical imaging findings are reviewed for a more comprehensive understanding of this disorder. Treatments for the common diseases that cause the ulnar-sided wrist pain including extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendonitis, flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendonitis, pisotriquetral arthritis, triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) lesions, ulnar impaction, lunotriquetral (LT) instability, and distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) instability are reviewed

A comparison of spelt (Triticum spelta) and bread (T. aetsivum) wheat varieties The effects of nitrogen chlormequat chloride and harvest date on growth, yield and grain quality

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN044814 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Evaluation methodology for air defense Command and Control system.

This thesis uses the Modular Command and Control (C2) Evaluation Structures (MCES) to formulate and address operational air defense command and control issues for the central European theater. (This evaluation structure provides a framework and tools to address C2 issues). The intent is to use the MCES along with the Identification Friend, Foe, Neutral (IFFN) testbed to address operational issues for this C2 system. The result is a test of the MCES. The MCES approach is expanded with C2 theory and software design techniques. This expanded approach provides the means to build an air defense C2 systems model which can be synthesized to reflect a "descriptive tool" for analysts and C2 system users to define and evaluate measures to determine the C2 systems effectiveness. Representative measures are developed for the model at the subprocess (functional), C2 process and interactive process (C2 system) level.http://archive.org/details/evaluationmethod00gandMajor, United States Air ForceApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited