Relapse of incisor crowding: a visit to the prince of salina

The management of the retention period after comprehensive orthodontic treatment is of great importance, as a primary goal of clinician. Considerable controversy still surrounds the problem of stability after the retention period. Many studies analyze factors associated to the presence of crowding or incisor irregularity and find predictive features on its relapse. Most studies have reported little o no correlation between the treatment changes in the biological parameters - clinical, biometric (irregularity index, intermolar width, intercanine width, arch length, overjet, overbite), or cephalometric variables- that ocurred and the posttretament and postretention changes that may predict their future development. This article provides a bibliographical overview on the relapse of dental alignment in treated cases. In a brief historical introduction, the first studies on the long-term stability of orthodontic results are analysed. The article then goes on to assess studies that focus attention on anteroinferior alignment before finally studying relapse of upper crowding. It concludes by making some final comments in the light of the bibliography provided and the differents schools regarding retention needs and methods

Old and emerging concepts on adrenal chromaffin cell stimulus-secretion coupling

This is na post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology. The final authenticated version is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-017-2082-zThe chromaffin cells (CCs) of adrenal medulla play a key role in the control fo circulating catecholamines to adapt our body function to stressful conditions. A huge research effort over the last 35 years has converted these cells in the E. coli of neurobiology. CCs have been the testing bench for the development of patch-clamp and amperometric recording techniques and helped clarifying most of the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell excitability, Ca2+ signals associated to secretion and the molecular apparatus that regulates vesicle fusion This special issue provides a state-of-the-art on the many well-know and unsolved questions related to the molecular processes at the basis of CC function. The issue is also the occasion to highlight the seminal work of Antonio G. García (Emeritus professor at UNAM, Madrid) who contributed greatly to the advancement of our present knowledge on the CCs physiology and pharmacology. All the contributors of the present issue are distinguished scientists that are either staff members, external collaborators or friends of Prof. Garcí

Long-term analysis of upper incisor crowding. A longitudinal study orthodontically treated patients

Introduction: Although there are numerous studies in the literature on alignment stability in the lower arch, there are few referring to the upper arch. Aims: To assess upper arch stability (irregularity index, widths and length of arch, overjet and overbite) in orthodontically treated patients by comparing late incisor stability with the initial malocclusion and type pf treatment undertaken. Study design: The study models of 51 patients, treated with or without extractions, were analysed at three different points in time: pre-treatment (T1), post-treatment (T2) and post-retention (T3) (average 5 years). The following parameters were measured: irregularity index, arch length, inter-canine and inter-molar widths, overjet and overbite. Results: The results showed that upper incisor crowding relapses, although a net improvement is noted in comparison to the initial state both in cases treated with or without extractions. The arch length also relapses in both cases. The inter-canine and inter-molar widths as well as the overjet and overbite are stable in the long term. The long-term response of maxillary incisor alignment is unpredictable. Conclusions: There is a statistically significant reduction in incisor irregularity, length and width of arch (inter-canine and inter-molar widths), whereas overjet and overbite undergo a reduction of little magnitude. No statistically significant correlation is noted between late incisor stability and the initial malocclusion or type of treatment

El Papel de los Organismos Supervisores de las Bolsas en el Proceso de Armonización Contable Internacional : The Influence of Securities Market Commision on International Accounting Harmonization

The purpose of this article is to analyze the role player by supervisory organizations of the stock markets in the process of international accounting harmonization. Thus, the increasing needs for financing experience by international corporations and the growing globalization of the stock market, increase the inte¬rest of the capital markets because the companies listing deposit financial information that it will be comparable for their international users. In this sense, we analyze the viability of the agreement subscribed among the IOSCO and the IASC in July of 1995, taking into account the own strategy adopted by American stock markets and the paper that as standard organization performs in that country the FASE. All this supposes changes essential in the future of the international accounting harmonization.El objetivo de este artículo consiste en poner de manifiesto el papel que en los últimos años están desempeñando los organismos supervisores de los mercados de valores en el proceso de armonización contable internacional. Así, las mayores necesidades de financiación de ciertas empresas que podríamos denominar “transnacionales” y la creciente globalización del negocio bursátil, acrecientan el interés de los mercados de capitales porque las sociedades cotizadas depositen información financiera que sea comparable para sus usuarios internacionales. En este sentido, analizamos la viabilidad del acuerdo suscrito entre la 10SCO y el IASC en julio de 1995, teniendo en cuenta la estrategia propia adoptada por los mercados de capitales estadounidenses y el papel que como organismo normalizador desempeña en aquel país el FASB. Todo ello supone cambios sustanciales en el futuro de la armonización contable internacional

Application of a modeling tool to describe fly ash generation, composition, and melting behavior in a wheat straw fired commercial power plant

Ash behavior is a key operational aspect of industrial-scale power generation by means of biomass combustion. In this work, FactSage™ 6.4 software was used to develop and assess three models of wheat straw combustion in a vibrating grate-fired commercial boiler of 16 MWth, aiming to describe the inorganic elements release as well as fly ash melting behavior and composition. Simulations were carried out solving four consecutive calculation stages corresponding to the main plant sections. Chemical fractionation was adopted in order to distinguish between reactive, inert and partially reactive biomass fractions. The developed models allow take into account different levels of partial reactivity, values of the temperature for each sub-stage on the grate, and ways to apply entrained streams based on data from the elemental analyses of the fly ashes. To this end, two one-week experimental campaigns were conducted in the plant to carry out the sampling. It has been found that considering chemical fractionation is indispensable to describe the entrainment of solid particles in the gas stream. In addition, the best results are obtained by adopting a small reactivity (2%) of the inert fraction. As for fly ash composition, the concentrations of the major elements showed good agreement with the results from the chemical analyses. In the case of S and Cl, calculations revealed a match with gas cooling effects in the superheaters as well as an entrainment effect. The melting behavior together with the presence of KCl and K2SO4 condensates, point out at possible corrosion phenomena in walls at temperatures of 700–750 °C.This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), in accordance with the provisions of article 31 Regulation of Law 38/2003, of November 17, General Subsidies, approved by Royal Decree 887/2006, of July 21. Funding was received within the framework of the MULTIBOM (Development of Multi-fuel Biomass Combustion Technology for High-Power Electrical Production) project, which has received public funding from the INNPACTO subprogramme (Prj. Re. num. IPT-2012-0155-120000). Luis M. Gandía thanks Banco de Santander and Universidad Pública de Navarra for their financial support under 'Programa de Intensificación de la Investigación 2018' initiative, as well as Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF/FEDER) (grant RTI2018-096294-B-C31)